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An Overview of Zika Virus Infection

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 42 - 49, 19.04.2019

İsmail Şahindokuyucu , Zafer Yazıcı

Öz

Zika virus (ZIKV) was first diagnosed in 1947 from the blood serum of rhesus monkey in Zika Forest of Uganda. From the first diagnosis of ZIKV, 70 years of sporadic viewing after the first big epidemic in 2007 that reveals its existence again. ZIKV has gained great importance with 2013 and 2015 pandemics.

ZIKV has been particularly alarming for the community due to the spread of virus among Aedes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) mosquitoes, microcephaly and abortion in infants. Scientists are making great efforts to diagnose the disease, prevent and treat the disease due to the sensitivity of the subject.



This review is intended to provide information about ZIKV disease, showing the distribution of the disease in chronologically, evaluating the potential situation in our country and the current data.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zika virus Aedes aegypti/albopictus microcephaly

Kaynakça

  • 1. Anna R. Plourde, Evan M. Bloch (2016). A literature Review of Zika Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 22, No. 7, July 2016.
  • 2. Atkinson B, Thorburn F, Petridou C, Bailey D, Hewson R, Simpson AJH, Brooks TJG ve Aarons EJ (2016). Presence and Persistence of Zika Virus RNA in Semen, United Kingdom, Emerg Infect Dis. 23:611-615.
  • 3. Aubry M, Finke J, Teissier A, Roche C, Broult J, Paulous S, Desprès P, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D (2015). Seroprevalance of arboviruses among blood donors in French Polynesia, 2011-2013. Int. J Infect Dis. 41:11-2.
  • 4. Bingham AM, Cone M, Mock V, Heberlein-Larson L, Stanek D, Blackmore C, Likos A (2016). Comparison of Test Results for Zika Virus RNA in Urine, Serum, and Saliva specimens from Persons with Travel-Associated Zika Virus Disease - Florida, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:475-478.
  • 5. Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, German M, Creatore MI, Kulkarni MA, Brownstein JS, Mekaru SR, Hay SI, Groot E, Watts A, Khan K (2016). Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet. 387: 335–36.
  • 6. Cao-Lormeau VM, Roche C, Teissier A, Robin E, Berry AL, Mallet HP, Sall AA, Musso D (2014). Zika virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 20:1085-6.
  • 7. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnant women with any laboratory evidence of possible Zika virus infection, 2015-2017 (2018). https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/data/pregwomen-uscases.html. Updated December 26,2017. Accessed January 5,2018.
  • 8. Chambers TJ, Hahn CS, Galler R, Rice CM (1990). Flavivirus genome organization, expression and replication. Annu Rev Microbiol. 44:649-88.
  • 9. Çalman F, Öztürkcan SA, Karahan M (2017). İnsanlarda Zika Virüsü İnfeksiyonları ve Korunma IGUSABDER, 3:287-308.
  • 10. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ (1952). Zika Virus: Isolations and serological specificity. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46:509-20.
  • 11. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M ve Hayes EB (2009). Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 360:2536-43.
  • 12. Fauci AS, Morens DM (2016). Zika virus in the Americas - Yet Another Arbovirus Threat. N Engl J Med. 374:601-4.
  • 13. Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich BJ, Rosa AT, Haddow AD, Lanciotti RS ve Tesh RB (2011). Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 17:880-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101939.
  • 14. Galan-Huerta KA, Rivas-Estilla AM, Martinez-Landeros EA, Arellanos-Soto D, Ramos-Jimenes J (2016). The Zika virus disease:an overview. Medicina Universitaria. 18(71):115-124.
  • 15. Gatherer D, Kohl A (2016). Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas.J Gen Virol. 97:269-73.
  • 16. George K, Pinsky BA (2018). Molecular Diagnosis of Zika virus Infections. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 29:8-16.
  • 17. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Ondo SM, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Paupy C, Leroy EM (2014). Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa) - 2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PloS Negl Trop Dis. 8(2):e2681.
  • 18. Gubio SC, Antonio CB, Silvia IS (2015). Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Disease journal. 21(10):1885.
  • 19. Haddow AD, Schuh AJ, Yasuda CY, Kasper MR, Heang V, Huy R, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Weaver SC (2012). Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6:e1477.
  • 20. Hayes EB (2009). Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg. Infect Dis. 15:1347-50. http://dx.do.org/10.3201/eid1509.090442.
  • 21. Hennessey M, Fischer M, Staples JE (2016). Zika virus spreads the new areas - region of the Americas, May 2015 - January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:55-8.
  • 22. Ioos S, Mallet H-P, Leparc GI, Gauthier V, Cardoso T, Herida M (2014). Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 44(7):302-307. Doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.04.008.
  • 23. Kelser EA (2015). Meet dengue's cousin, Zika. Microbes Infect-015;pii;S12864579(15)00259-2;doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2015.12.003 (EPub ahead of print).
  • 24. Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ, Stanfield SM ve Duffy MR (2008). Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 14:12329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid148.080287.
  • 25. Lequime S, Lambrechts L (2014). Vertical transmission of arboviruses in mosquitoes: a historical perspective. Infect Genet Evol 28:681e90.
  • 26. Li C, Xu D, Ye Q, Hong S, Jiang Y, Liu X, Zhang N, Shi L, Qin CF, Xu Z (2016). Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice. Cell Stem Cell 19, 120–126, July 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.017.
  • 27. Li H, Saucedo-Cuevas L, Shresta S, Gleeson JG (2016). The Neurobiology of Zika Virus. Neuron. 442 92:949-958.
  • 28. Liu Y, Liu J, Du S, Shan C, Nie K, Zhang R, Li XF, Zhang R, Wang T, Qin CF, Wang P, Shi PY, Cheng G (2017). Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nature 545:482e6.
  • 29. MacNamara FN (1954). Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48:139-45.
  • 30. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, Silva-Flannery L, Muehlenbachs A, Gary J, Goldsmith C, Hale G, Ritter J, Rollin D, Shieh WJ, Luz KG, Ramos AM, Davi HP, Kleber de Oliveria W, Lanciotti R, Lambert A, Zaki S (2016). Notes from the field: evidence of Zika virus infection in brain and placental tissues from two congenitally infected newborns and two fetal losses - Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal wklyRep. 65:159-60.
  • 31. Meaney-Delman D, Hills SL, Williams C, Galang RR, Iyengar P, Hennenfent AK, Rabe IB, Panella A, Oduyebo T, Honein MA, Zaki S, Lindsey N, Lehman JA, Kwit N, Bertolli J, Ellington S, Igbinosa I, Minta AA, Petersen EE, Mead P, Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ (2016). Zika virus infection among U.S. pregnant travelers-August 2015-February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:211-4.
  • 32. Miner JJ ve Diamond MS (2017). Zika virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism. Cell Host & Microbe. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.004.
  • 33. Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, Nhan T, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM (2015). Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21(2):359. Doi: 10.3201/eid2102.141363.
  • 34. Omer SB, Beigi RH (2016). Pregnancy in the time of Zika: addressing barriers for developing vaccines and other measures for pregnant women. JAMA. 315:1227-8.
  • 35. Petersen E, Wilson ME, Touch S, McCloskey B, Mwaba P, Bates M, Dar O, Mattes F, Kidd M, Ippolito G, Azhar EI, Zumla A (2016).Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas - implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games. Int J Infect Dis. 44:11-15.
  • 36. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA (2016). Zika virus. N Engl J Med. 374:1552-1563.
  • 37. Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Palacios R, Ho PL, Kalil J (2018). Development of vaccines against Zika virus. Lancet Infect Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30063-X.
  • 38. Pyke AT, Daly MT, Cameron JN, Moore PR, Taylor CT, Hewitson GR, Humphreys JL, Gair R (2014). Imported zika virus infection from the cook islands into australia. PLoS Curr 6.
  • 39. Shankar PS (2016). Zika Virus Infection. RGUHS Med. Sciences. 6. sayı 2. baskı.
  • 40. Shiu C, Starker R, Kwal J, Bartlett M, Crane A, Greissman S, Gunaratne N, Lardy M, Picon M, Rodriguez P, Gonzalez I ve Curry CL (2018). Zika Virus Testing and Outcomes during Pregnancy, Florida, USA, Emerging Infectious Diseases. www.cdc.gov/eid Sayı. 24, Numara 1.
  • 41. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü-Sağlık Tehditleri Erken Uyarı ve Cevap Dairesi Başkanlığı (2017) https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/haberler/zika-virusu-hastaligi/Turkiye-zika-virus-raporu.pdf.
  • 42. Theel ES ve Hata DJ (2018). Diagnostic Testing for Zika Virus: A Post-Outbreak Update. J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/JCM.01972-17.
  • 43. Tognarelli J, Ulloa S, Villagra E, Lagos J, Aguayo C, Fasce R, Parra B, Mora J, Becerra N, Lagos N, Vera L, Olivares B, Vilches M, Fernández J (2016). A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014. Arch Virol. 161:665-8.
  • 44. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). CDC issues interim travel guidance related to Zika virus for 14 Countries and Territories in Central and South America and the Caribbean. Available from:http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0315-zika-virus-travel.html.
  • 45. Weaver SC, Barrett AD (2004). Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of Arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2:789e801.
  • 46. World Health Organization (2007). Guidelines for plaque reduction neutralization testing of human antibodies to dengue viruses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.
  • 47. World Health Organization. Zika virus --- fact sheet (2016). World Health Organization; 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en.

Zika Virus Enfeksiyonuna Genel Bakış

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 42 - 49, 19.04.2019

İsmail Şahindokuyucu , Zafer Yazıcı

Öz

Zika virus (ZIKV) ilk kez 1947 yılında Uganda'nın Zika Ormanında rhesus (hint) maymununun kan serumundan teşhis edilmiştir. ZIKV'un ilk  teşhisinden itibaren yaklaşık olarak 70 yıl boyunca sporadik olarak seyretmesinin ardından 2007 yılındaki ilk büyük salgınla beraber varlığını tekrar ortaya koymuştur. 2013 ve 2015 yıllarındaki pandemiler ile büyük bir önem kazanmıştır.

Virus Aedes (Aedes aegypti ve Aedes albopictus) cinsi sivrisinekler aracılığı ile yayılım göstermesi ve klinik olarak bebeklerde mikrosefali ve abort şekillendirmesi nedeniyle özellikle toplum için endişe verici olmuştur. Bilim insanları konunun hassasiyetinden dolayı hastalığın teşhisi, hastalıktan korunma yolları ve tedavisi üzerinde büyük çaba harcamaktadırlar.



Bu derleme ZIKV hastalığı hakkında bilgilendirme, kronolojik olarak hastalığın dağılımını gösterme, ülkemizdeki potansiyel durumu ve güncel verileri değerlendirme amacı ile hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zika virus Aedes aegypti/albopictus mikrosefali

Kaynakça

  • 1. Anna R. Plourde, Evan M. Bloch (2016). A literature Review of Zika Virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 22, No. 7, July 2016.
  • 2. Atkinson B, Thorburn F, Petridou C, Bailey D, Hewson R, Simpson AJH, Brooks TJG ve Aarons EJ (2016). Presence and Persistence of Zika Virus RNA in Semen, United Kingdom, Emerg Infect Dis. 23:611-615.
  • 3. Aubry M, Finke J, Teissier A, Roche C, Broult J, Paulous S, Desprès P, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D (2015). Seroprevalance of arboviruses among blood donors in French Polynesia, 2011-2013. Int. J Infect Dis. 41:11-2.
  • 4. Bingham AM, Cone M, Mock V, Heberlein-Larson L, Stanek D, Blackmore C, Likos A (2016). Comparison of Test Results for Zika Virus RNA in Urine, Serum, and Saliva specimens from Persons with Travel-Associated Zika Virus Disease - Florida, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 65:475-478.
  • 5. Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, German M, Creatore MI, Kulkarni MA, Brownstein JS, Mekaru SR, Hay SI, Groot E, Watts A, Khan K (2016). Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet. 387: 335–36.
  • 6. Cao-Lormeau VM, Roche C, Teissier A, Robin E, Berry AL, Mallet HP, Sall AA, Musso D (2014). Zika virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 20:1085-6.
  • 7. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnant women with any laboratory evidence of possible Zika virus infection, 2015-2017 (2018). https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/data/pregwomen-uscases.html. Updated December 26,2017. Accessed January 5,2018.
  • 8. Chambers TJ, Hahn CS, Galler R, Rice CM (1990). Flavivirus genome organization, expression and replication. Annu Rev Microbiol. 44:649-88.
  • 9. Çalman F, Öztürkcan SA, Karahan M (2017). İnsanlarda Zika Virüsü İnfeksiyonları ve Korunma IGUSABDER, 3:287-308.
  • 10. Dick GW, Kitchen SF, Haddow AJ (1952). Zika Virus: Isolations and serological specificity. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46:509-20.
  • 11. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, Pretrick M, Marfel M, Holzbauer S, Dubray C, Guillaumot L, Griggs A, Bel M, Lambert AJ, Laven J, Kosoy O, Panella A, Biggerstaff BJ, Fischer M ve Hayes EB (2009). Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 360:2536-43.
  • 12. Fauci AS, Morens DM (2016). Zika virus in the Americas - Yet Another Arbovirus Threat. N Engl J Med. 374:601-4.
  • 13. Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich BJ, Rosa AT, Haddow AD, Lanciotti RS ve Tesh RB (2011). Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 17:880-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1705.101939.
  • 14. Galan-Huerta KA, Rivas-Estilla AM, Martinez-Landeros EA, Arellanos-Soto D, Ramos-Jimenes J (2016). The Zika virus disease:an overview. Medicina Universitaria. 18(71):115-124.
  • 15. Gatherer D, Kohl A (2016). Zika virus: a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas.J Gen Virol. 97:269-73.
  • 16. George K, Pinsky BA (2018). Molecular Diagnosis of Zika virus Infections. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 29:8-16.
  • 17. Grard G, Caron M, Mombo IM, Nkoghe D, Ondo SM, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Paupy C, Leroy EM (2014). Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa) - 2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PloS Negl Trop Dis. 8(2):e2681.
  • 18. Gubio SC, Antonio CB, Silvia IS (2015). Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Disease journal. 21(10):1885.
  • 19. Haddow AD, Schuh AJ, Yasuda CY, Kasper MR, Heang V, Huy R, Guzman H, Tesh RB, Weaver SC (2012). Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6:e1477.
  • 20. Hayes EB (2009). Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg. Infect Dis. 15:1347-50. http://dx.do.org/10.3201/eid1509.090442.
  • 21. Hennessey M, Fischer M, Staples JE (2016). Zika virus spreads the new areas - region of the Americas, May 2015 - January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:55-8.
  • 22. Ioos S, Mallet H-P, Leparc GI, Gauthier V, Cardoso T, Herida M (2014). Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 44(7):302-307. Doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.04.008.
  • 23. Kelser EA (2015). Meet dengue's cousin, Zika. Microbes Infect-015;pii;S12864579(15)00259-2;doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2015.12.003 (EPub ahead of print).
  • 24. Lanciotti RS, Kosoy OL, Laven JJ, Velez JO, Lambert AJ, Johnson AJ, Stanfield SM ve Duffy MR (2008). Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 14:12329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid148.080287.
  • 25. Lequime S, Lambrechts L (2014). Vertical transmission of arboviruses in mosquitoes: a historical perspective. Infect Genet Evol 28:681e90.
  • 26. Li C, Xu D, Ye Q, Hong S, Jiang Y, Liu X, Zhang N, Shi L, Qin CF, Xu Z (2016). Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice. Cell Stem Cell 19, 120–126, July 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.017.
  • 27. Li H, Saucedo-Cuevas L, Shresta S, Gleeson JG (2016). The Neurobiology of Zika Virus. Neuron. 442 92:949-958.
  • 28. Liu Y, Liu J, Du S, Shan C, Nie K, Zhang R, Li XF, Zhang R, Wang T, Qin CF, Wang P, Shi PY, Cheng G (2017). Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Nature 545:482e6.
  • 29. MacNamara FN (1954). Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 48:139-45.
  • 30. Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, Keating MK, Silva-Flannery L, Muehlenbachs A, Gary J, Goldsmith C, Hale G, Ritter J, Rollin D, Shieh WJ, Luz KG, Ramos AM, Davi HP, Kleber de Oliveria W, Lanciotti R, Lambert A, Zaki S (2016). Notes from the field: evidence of Zika virus infection in brain and placental tissues from two congenitally infected newborns and two fetal losses - Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal wklyRep. 65:159-60.
  • 31. Meaney-Delman D, Hills SL, Williams C, Galang RR, Iyengar P, Hennenfent AK, Rabe IB, Panella A, Oduyebo T, Honein MA, Zaki S, Lindsey N, Lehman JA, Kwit N, Bertolli J, Ellington S, Igbinosa I, Minta AA, Petersen EE, Mead P, Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ (2016). Zika virus infection among U.S. pregnant travelers-August 2015-February 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:211-4.
  • 32. Miner JJ ve Diamond MS (2017). Zika virus pathogenesis and tissue tropism. Cell Host & Microbe. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2017.01.004.
  • 33. Musso D, Roche C, Robin E, Nhan T, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM (2015). Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21(2):359. Doi: 10.3201/eid2102.141363.
  • 34. Omer SB, Beigi RH (2016). Pregnancy in the time of Zika: addressing barriers for developing vaccines and other measures for pregnant women. JAMA. 315:1227-8.
  • 35. Petersen E, Wilson ME, Touch S, McCloskey B, Mwaba P, Bates M, Dar O, Mattes F, Kidd M, Ippolito G, Azhar EI, Zumla A (2016).Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas - implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games. Int J Infect Dis. 44:11-15.
  • 36. Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA (2016). Zika virus. N Engl J Med. 374:1552-1563.
  • 37. Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, Palacios R, Ho PL, Kalil J (2018). Development of vaccines against Zika virus. Lancet Infect Dis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30063-X.
  • 38. Pyke AT, Daly MT, Cameron JN, Moore PR, Taylor CT, Hewitson GR, Humphreys JL, Gair R (2014). Imported zika virus infection from the cook islands into australia. PLoS Curr 6.
  • 39. Shankar PS (2016). Zika Virus Infection. RGUHS Med. Sciences. 6. sayı 2. baskı.
  • 40. Shiu C, Starker R, Kwal J, Bartlett M, Crane A, Greissman S, Gunaratne N, Lardy M, Picon M, Rodriguez P, Gonzalez I ve Curry CL (2018). Zika Virus Testing and Outcomes during Pregnancy, Florida, USA, Emerging Infectious Diseases. www.cdc.gov/eid Sayı. 24, Numara 1.
  • 41. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü-Sağlık Tehditleri Erken Uyarı ve Cevap Dairesi Başkanlığı (2017) https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/haberler/zika-virusu-hastaligi/Turkiye-zika-virus-raporu.pdf.
  • 42. Theel ES ve Hata DJ (2018). Diagnostic Testing for Zika Virus: A Post-Outbreak Update. J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/JCM.01972-17.
  • 43. Tognarelli J, Ulloa S, Villagra E, Lagos J, Aguayo C, Fasce R, Parra B, Mora J, Becerra N, Lagos N, Vera L, Olivares B, Vilches M, Fernández J (2016). A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014. Arch Virol. 161:665-8.
  • 44. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). CDC issues interim travel guidance related to Zika virus for 14 Countries and Territories in Central and South America and the Caribbean. Available from:http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0315-zika-virus-travel.html.
  • 45. Weaver SC, Barrett AD (2004). Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of Arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2:789e801.
  • 46. World Health Organization (2007). Guidelines for plaque reduction neutralization testing of human antibodies to dengue viruses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.
  • 47. World Health Organization. Zika virus --- fact sheet (2016). World Health Organization; 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/zika/en.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

İsmail Şahindokuyucu

Zafer Yazıcı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahindokuyucu, İ., & Yazıcı, Z. (2019). Zika Virus Enfeksiyonuna Genel Bakış. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 1(1), 42-49.
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