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Neonatal Buzağı İshali Etiyolojisindeki Ajanlar

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 51 - 56, 23.12.2022

Sefer Türk , Fikri Emlik

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1205127
Cited By: 2

Öz

Türkiye sığır popülasyonu bakımından önde gelen ülkelerdendir. Sığır işletmelerindeki karlılık üzerine etkili en önemli parametreler yılda bir kez alınan sağlıklı buzağı ve süt miktarındaki verimdir. Buzağılar için yaşamlarının ilk dört haftalık dönemi hastalıklara karşı aşırı hassas oldukları bir dönemdir. Buzağı ölümlerinin yaklaşık %75’lik kısmı ilk 30 günlük dönemde görülmektedir. Neonatal dönem buzağı ölümleri arasında ishal sıklıkla gözlenen sebeplerdir. Buzağı ishalinin önlenmesi ve kontrolü, hastalıktan önceki buzağılama döneminde görülen patojenlerin net olarak ortaya konmasına, ko-enfeksiyon, çevresel faktörler, beslenme ve yönetim gibi kompleks problemlerin iyi anlaşılmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu derleme günümüzde önemini korumaya devam eden patojenler ile buzağı ishali etiyolojinde önemli yer tutabilecek yeni patolojenler Bovine Kobuvirus ve Bovine Torovirus hakkında bilgi vermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İshal Bovine Torovirus Bovine Kobuvirus

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, G., Mecitoğlu, Z., Ertürk, A., Çatık, S., Temizel, E.M., Gülyaz, V., Şenlik, B. 2013. "Isolation of first local coranavirus from cattle with winter dysentery in Turkey". Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 63–70.
  • Al-Khaldi, S. F., Villanueva, D., Chizhikov, V. 2004. "Identification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens using single target DNA microarray chip". International journal of food microbiology, 91(3), 289–296.
  • Aydoğdu, U., Yıldız, R., Güzelbekte, H., Coşkun, A., Şen, İ. 2019. "Yenidoğan İshalli Buzağılarda Mortalite İndikatörü Olarak Kan Laktat , Glikoz , Total Protein ve Gama Glutamil Transferaz Seviyeleri", 33(3), 201–206.
  • Barry, A. F., Ribeiro, J., Alfieri, A. F., Van der Poel, W. H. M., Alfieri, A. A. 2011. "First detection of kobuvirus in farm animals in Brazil and the Netherlands". Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 11(7), 1811–1814.
  • Caner Küliğ, C., Coşkun, A. 2019. "Sivas ve İlçelerindeki Neonatal İshalli Buzağılarda E . coli , Cryptosporidium , Clostridium perfringens , Rotavirüs ve Coronavirüs Prevalansı", 1(2), 69–73.
  • Chang, J., Wang, Q., Wang, F., Jiang, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, L. 2014. "Prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine kobuvirus in China". Archives of virology, 159(6), 1505–1510.
  • Cho, Y. il, Yoon, K. J. 2014. "An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention". Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(1), 1–17.
  • Coşkun, A., Aydoğdu, U., Başbuğ, O., Türk, S., Ağaoğlu, Z. T. 2020. "İshalli Yenidoğan Buzağılarda Elektrolit Bozukluklarının Prevalansı". Turkish Veterinary Journal, 2(2), 62–66.
  • Coşkun, A., Uğur, K. 2018. "Tokat Bölgesindeki Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin Etiyolojisinin Belirlenmesi". Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 8(1), 75–80.
  • De la Fuente, R., Luzon, M., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria, J. A., Garcıa, A., Cid, D., Orden, J. A., Gomez-Bautista, M. 1999. "Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enterophatogens in 1 to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain". Veterinary parasitology, 80(3), 179–185.
  • Di Martino, B., Di Profio, F., Di Felice, E., Ceci, C., Pistilli, M. G., Marsilio, F. 2012. "Molecular detection of bovine kobuviruses in Italy". Archives of virology, 157(12), 2393–2396.
  • DuPont, H. L., Chappell, C. L., Sterling, C. R., Okhuysen, P. C., Rose, J. B., Jakubowski, W. 1995. "The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers". New England Journal of Medicine, 332(13), 855–859.
  • Ercan, N., Tuzcu, N., Başbug, O., Tuzcu, M., Alim, A. 2016. "Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and gamma interferon in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 28(2), 180–183.
  • Fagerland, J. A., Pohlenz, J. F. L., Woode, G. N. 1986. "A morphological study of the replication of Breda virus (proposed family Toroviridae) in bovine intestinal cells". Journal of general virology, 67(7), 1293–1304.
  • Fayer, R., Santín, M., Trout, J. M., Greiner, E. 2006. "Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1–2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern United States". Veterinary parasitology, 135(2), 105–112.
  • Foster, D. M., Smith, G. W. 2009. "Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25(1), 13–36.
  • Gülaçtı, İ., Işıdan, H., Sözdutmaz, I. 2014. "Detection of bovine torovirus in fecal specimens from calves with diarrhea in Turkey". Archives of virology, 159(7), 1623–1627.
  • Hao, L., Chen, C., Bailey, K., Wang, L. 2021. "Bovine kobuvirus—A comprehensive review". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(4), 1886–1894.
  • Hoet, A. E., Saif, L. J. 2004. "Bovine torovirus (Breda virus) revisited". Animal health research reviews, 5(2), 157–171.
  • Hoet, A. E., Smiley, J., Thomas, C., Nielsen, P. R., Wittum, T. E., Saif, L. J. 2003. "Association of enteric shedding of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) and other enteropathogens with diarrhea in veal calves". American journal of veterinary research, 64(4), 485–490.
  • Horzinek, M. C., Koopmans, M. P., Wuijckhuise-Sjouke, L. van, Schukken, Y. H., Cremers, H. 1991. "Association of diarrhea in cattle with torovirus infections on farms". American journal of veterinary research, 52(11), 1769–1773.
  • Hudault, S., Guignot, J., Servin, A. L. 2001. "Escherichia coli strains colonising the gastrointestinal tract protect germfree mice againstSalmonella typhimuriuminfection". Gut, 49(1), 47–55.
  • Işidan, H., Turan, T., Atasoy, M. O., Sözdutmaz, I., Irehan, B. 2019. "Detection and first molecular characterisation of three picornaviruses from diarrhoeic calves in Turkey". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 67(3), 463–476.
  • Jeoung, H.-Y., Lim, J., Jeong, W., Oem, J.-K., An, D.-J. 2011. "Three clusters of bovine kobuvirus isolated in Korea, 2008–2010". Virus Genes, 42(3), 402–406.
  • Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., Mobley, H. L. T. 2004. "Pathogenic escherichia coli". Nature reviews microbiology, 2(2), 123–140.
  • Kaya, U., Coşkun, A. 2018. "Tokat Bölgesindeki Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin Etiyolojisinin Belirlenmesi Determination of Etiology of Neonatal Calves Diarrhea in Tokat Region", 8(1), 75–80.
  • Khamrin, P., Maneekarn, N., Peerakome, S., Okitsu, S., Mizuguchi, M., Ushijima, H. 2008. "Bovine kobuviruses from cattle with diarrhea". Emerging infectious diseases, 14(6), 985.
  • Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M. C. 1994. "Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review". Advances in virus research, 43, 233–273.
  • Li, H., Tang, C., Yue, H. 2019. "Molecular detection and genomic characteristics of bovine kobuvirus from dairy calves in China". Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 74, 103939.
  • Matiz, K., Kecskemeti, S., Kiss, I. 2002. "Torovirus detection in faecal specimens of calves and pigs in Hungary". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 50(3), 293–296.
  • Mebus, C A, Stair, E. L., Rhodes, M. B., Twiehaus, M. J. 1973. "Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a coronavirus-like agent". Veterinary Pathology, 10(1), 45–64.
  • Mebus, C. A., Underdahl, N. R., Rhodes, M. B., Twiehaus, M. J. 1969. "Calf diarrhea (scours): reproduced with a virus from a field outbreak".
  • Mohamed, F. F., Mansour, S. M. G., Orabi, A., El-Araby, I. E., Ng, T. F. F., Mor, S. K., Goyal, S. M. 2018. "Detection and genetic characterization of bovine kobuvirus from calves in Egypt". Archives of virology, 163(6), 1439–1447. Moon, H. W. 1978. "MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIARRHEA. A REVIEW.".
  • Panciera, R. J., Thomassen, R. W., Garner, F. M. 1971. "Cryptosporidial infection in a calf". Veterinary Pathology, 8(5–6), 479–484.
  • Park, S. J., Kim, H. K., Moon, H. J., Song, D. S., Rho, S. M., Han, J. Y., Park, B.-K. 2010. "Molecular detection of porcine kobuviruses in pigs in Korea and their association with diarrhea". Archives of virology, 155(11), 1803–1811.
  • Park, S. J., Oh, E. H., Park, S.-I., Kim, H. H., Jeong, Y. J., Lim, G. K., Cho, K. O. 2008. "Molecular epidemiology of bovine toroviruses circulating in South Korea". Veterinary microbiology, 126(4), 364–371.
  • Pérez, E., Kummeling, A., Janssen, M. M. H., Jiménez, C., Alvarado, R., Caballero, M., Dwinger, R. H. 1998. "Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea of calves in the canton of Tilarán, Costa Rica". Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 33(1–4), 195–205.
  • Reuter, G., Egyed, L. 2009. "Bovine kobuvirus in Europe". Emerging infectious diseases, 15(5), 822. Rings, D. M. 2004. "Clostridial disease associated with neurologic signs: tetanus, botulism, and enterotoxemia". Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(2), 379–391.
  • Şahal, M., Terzi, O. S., Ceylan, E., Kara, E. 2018. "Calf Diarrhea and Prevention Methods". Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 58, 41–49.
  • Shi, Z., Wang, W., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Xu, Z., Lan, Y. 2020. "First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China". BMC veterinary research, 16(1), 1–7.
  • Venter, B. J., Myburgh, J. G., Van der Walt, M. L. 1994. "Bovine salmonellosis". Infectious diseases of Livestock with Special Reference to South Africa. Eds. Coetzer, JW, Thomson, GR and Tustin, RC Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1104–1112.
  • Vorster, J. H., Gerdes, G. H. 1993. "Breda virus-like particles in calves in South Africa.". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 64(2).
  • Wang, S., Hossack, J. A., Klibanov, A. L. 2020. "From Anatomy to Functional and Molecular Biomarker Imaging and Therapy: Ultrasound Is Safe, Ultrafast, Portable, and Inexpensive". Investigative Radiology, 55(9), 559–572.
  • Woode, G. N., Saif, L. J., Quesada, M., Winand, N. J., Pohlenz, J. F., Gourley, N. K. 1985. "Comparative studies on three isolates of Breda virus of calves.". American journal of veterinary research, 46(5), 1003–1010.
  • Yamashita, T., Ito, M., Kabashima, Y., Tsuzuki, H., Fujiura, A., Sakae, K. 2003. "Isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirus associated with cattle". Journal of General Virology, 84(11), 3069–3077.
  • Yimer, M., Gezhagne, M., Biruk, T., Dinaol, B. 2015. "A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method". Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 7(5), 173–185.

Etiological Agent in Neonatal Calves Diarrhea

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 51 - 56, 23.12.2022

Sefer Türk , Fikri Emlik

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1205127
Cited By: 2

Öz

Türkiye is one of the leading countries in terms of cattle population. The most important parameters affecting the profitability in cattle enterprises are the yield in the amount of milk taken and healthy calves. The first four weeks of life for calves is a period when they are extremely susceptible to diseases. Approximately 75% of calf deaths occur in the first 30-day period. Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of neonatal calf deaths. Prevention and control of calf diarrhea are based on a clear identification of the pathogens seen in the calving period before the disease and a good understanding of complex problems such as co-infection, environmental factors, nutrition, and management. This review aims to provide information about the pathogens that continue to be important today and the new pathogens Bovine Kobuvirus and Bovine Torovirus that may have an important place in the etiology of calf diarrhea.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diarrhea Bovine Torovirus Bovine Kobuvirus

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, G., Mecitoğlu, Z., Ertürk, A., Çatık, S., Temizel, E.M., Gülyaz, V., Şenlik, B. 2013. "Isolation of first local coranavirus from cattle with winter dysentery in Turkey". Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 63–70.
  • Al-Khaldi, S. F., Villanueva, D., Chizhikov, V. 2004. "Identification and characterization of Clostridium perfringens using single target DNA microarray chip". International journal of food microbiology, 91(3), 289–296.
  • Aydoğdu, U., Yıldız, R., Güzelbekte, H., Coşkun, A., Şen, İ. 2019. "Yenidoğan İshalli Buzağılarda Mortalite İndikatörü Olarak Kan Laktat , Glikoz , Total Protein ve Gama Glutamil Transferaz Seviyeleri", 33(3), 201–206.
  • Barry, A. F., Ribeiro, J., Alfieri, A. F., Van der Poel, W. H. M., Alfieri, A. A. 2011. "First detection of kobuvirus in farm animals in Brazil and the Netherlands". Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 11(7), 1811–1814.
  • Caner Küliğ, C., Coşkun, A. 2019. "Sivas ve İlçelerindeki Neonatal İshalli Buzağılarda E . coli , Cryptosporidium , Clostridium perfringens , Rotavirüs ve Coronavirüs Prevalansı", 1(2), 69–73.
  • Chang, J., Wang, Q., Wang, F., Jiang, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, L. 2014. "Prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine kobuvirus in China". Archives of virology, 159(6), 1505–1510.
  • Cho, Y. il, Yoon, K. J. 2014. "An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention". Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(1), 1–17.
  • Coşkun, A., Aydoğdu, U., Başbuğ, O., Türk, S., Ağaoğlu, Z. T. 2020. "İshalli Yenidoğan Buzağılarda Elektrolit Bozukluklarının Prevalansı". Turkish Veterinary Journal, 2(2), 62–66.
  • Coşkun, A., Uğur, K. 2018. "Tokat Bölgesindeki Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin Etiyolojisinin Belirlenmesi". Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 8(1), 75–80.
  • De la Fuente, R., Luzon, M., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria, J. A., Garcıa, A., Cid, D., Orden, J. A., Gomez-Bautista, M. 1999. "Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enterophatogens in 1 to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain". Veterinary parasitology, 80(3), 179–185.
  • Di Martino, B., Di Profio, F., Di Felice, E., Ceci, C., Pistilli, M. G., Marsilio, F. 2012. "Molecular detection of bovine kobuviruses in Italy". Archives of virology, 157(12), 2393–2396.
  • DuPont, H. L., Chappell, C. L., Sterling, C. R., Okhuysen, P. C., Rose, J. B., Jakubowski, W. 1995. "The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers". New England Journal of Medicine, 332(13), 855–859.
  • Ercan, N., Tuzcu, N., Başbug, O., Tuzcu, M., Alim, A. 2016. "Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin, neopterin, and gamma interferon in neonatal calves with septicemic colibacillosis". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 28(2), 180–183.
  • Fagerland, J. A., Pohlenz, J. F. L., Woode, G. N. 1986. "A morphological study of the replication of Breda virus (proposed family Toroviridae) in bovine intestinal cells". Journal of general virology, 67(7), 1293–1304.
  • Fayer, R., Santín, M., Trout, J. M., Greiner, E. 2006. "Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1–2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern United States". Veterinary parasitology, 135(2), 105–112.
  • Foster, D. M., Smith, G. W. 2009. "Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 25(1), 13–36.
  • Gülaçtı, İ., Işıdan, H., Sözdutmaz, I. 2014. "Detection of bovine torovirus in fecal specimens from calves with diarrhea in Turkey". Archives of virology, 159(7), 1623–1627.
  • Hao, L., Chen, C., Bailey, K., Wang, L. 2021. "Bovine kobuvirus—A comprehensive review". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(4), 1886–1894.
  • Hoet, A. E., Saif, L. J. 2004. "Bovine torovirus (Breda virus) revisited". Animal health research reviews, 5(2), 157–171.
  • Hoet, A. E., Smiley, J., Thomas, C., Nielsen, P. R., Wittum, T. E., Saif, L. J. 2003. "Association of enteric shedding of bovine torovirus (Breda virus) and other enteropathogens with diarrhea in veal calves". American journal of veterinary research, 64(4), 485–490.
  • Horzinek, M. C., Koopmans, M. P., Wuijckhuise-Sjouke, L. van, Schukken, Y. H., Cremers, H. 1991. "Association of diarrhea in cattle with torovirus infections on farms". American journal of veterinary research, 52(11), 1769–1773.
  • Hudault, S., Guignot, J., Servin, A. L. 2001. "Escherichia coli strains colonising the gastrointestinal tract protect germfree mice againstSalmonella typhimuriuminfection". Gut, 49(1), 47–55.
  • Işidan, H., Turan, T., Atasoy, M. O., Sözdutmaz, I., Irehan, B. 2019. "Detection and first molecular characterisation of three picornaviruses from diarrhoeic calves in Turkey". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 67(3), 463–476.
  • Jeoung, H.-Y., Lim, J., Jeong, W., Oem, J.-K., An, D.-J. 2011. "Three clusters of bovine kobuvirus isolated in Korea, 2008–2010". Virus Genes, 42(3), 402–406.
  • Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., Mobley, H. L. T. 2004. "Pathogenic escherichia coli". Nature reviews microbiology, 2(2), 123–140.
  • Kaya, U., Coşkun, A. 2018. "Tokat Bölgesindeki Neonatal Buzağı İshallerinin Etiyolojisinin Belirlenmesi Determination of Etiology of Neonatal Calves Diarrhea in Tokat Region", 8(1), 75–80.
  • Khamrin, P., Maneekarn, N., Peerakome, S., Okitsu, S., Mizuguchi, M., Ushijima, H. 2008. "Bovine kobuviruses from cattle with diarrhea". Emerging infectious diseases, 14(6), 985.
  • Koopmans, M., Horzinek, M. C. 1994. "Toroviruses of animals and humans: a review". Advances in virus research, 43, 233–273.
  • Li, H., Tang, C., Yue, H. 2019. "Molecular detection and genomic characteristics of bovine kobuvirus from dairy calves in China". Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 74, 103939.
  • Matiz, K., Kecskemeti, S., Kiss, I. 2002. "Torovirus detection in faecal specimens of calves and pigs in Hungary". Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 50(3), 293–296.
  • Mebus, C A, Stair, E. L., Rhodes, M. B., Twiehaus, M. J. 1973. "Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhea induced by a coronavirus-like agent". Veterinary Pathology, 10(1), 45–64.
  • Mebus, C. A., Underdahl, N. R., Rhodes, M. B., Twiehaus, M. J. 1969. "Calf diarrhea (scours): reproduced with a virus from a field outbreak".
  • Mohamed, F. F., Mansour, S. M. G., Orabi, A., El-Araby, I. E., Ng, T. F. F., Mor, S. K., Goyal, S. M. 2018. "Detection and genetic characterization of bovine kobuvirus from calves in Egypt". Archives of virology, 163(6), 1439–1447. Moon, H. W. 1978. "MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIARRHEA. A REVIEW.".
  • Panciera, R. J., Thomassen, R. W., Garner, F. M. 1971. "Cryptosporidial infection in a calf". Veterinary Pathology, 8(5–6), 479–484.
  • Park, S. J., Kim, H. K., Moon, H. J., Song, D. S., Rho, S. M., Han, J. Y., Park, B.-K. 2010. "Molecular detection of porcine kobuviruses in pigs in Korea and their association with diarrhea". Archives of virology, 155(11), 1803–1811.
  • Park, S. J., Oh, E. H., Park, S.-I., Kim, H. H., Jeong, Y. J., Lim, G. K., Cho, K. O. 2008. "Molecular epidemiology of bovine toroviruses circulating in South Korea". Veterinary microbiology, 126(4), 364–371.
  • Pérez, E., Kummeling, A., Janssen, M. M. H., Jiménez, C., Alvarado, R., Caballero, M., Dwinger, R. H. 1998. "Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea of calves in the canton of Tilarán, Costa Rica". Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 33(1–4), 195–205.
  • Reuter, G., Egyed, L. 2009. "Bovine kobuvirus in Europe". Emerging infectious diseases, 15(5), 822. Rings, D. M. 2004. "Clostridial disease associated with neurologic signs: tetanus, botulism, and enterotoxemia". Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 20(2), 379–391.
  • Şahal, M., Terzi, O. S., Ceylan, E., Kara, E. 2018. "Calf Diarrhea and Prevention Methods". Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 58, 41–49.
  • Shi, Z., Wang, W., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Xu, Z., Lan, Y. 2020. "First report and genetic characterization of bovine torovirus in diarrhoeic calves in China". BMC veterinary research, 16(1), 1–7.
  • Venter, B. J., Myburgh, J. G., Van der Walt, M. L. 1994. "Bovine salmonellosis". Infectious diseases of Livestock with Special Reference to South Africa. Eds. Coetzer, JW, Thomson, GR and Tustin, RC Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1104–1112.
  • Vorster, J. H., Gerdes, G. H. 1993. "Breda virus-like particles in calves in South Africa.". Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 64(2).
  • Wang, S., Hossack, J. A., Klibanov, A. L. 2020. "From Anatomy to Functional and Molecular Biomarker Imaging and Therapy: Ultrasound Is Safe, Ultrafast, Portable, and Inexpensive". Investigative Radiology, 55(9), 559–572.
  • Woode, G. N., Saif, L. J., Quesada, M., Winand, N. J., Pohlenz, J. F., Gourley, N. K. 1985. "Comparative studies on three isolates of Breda virus of calves.". American journal of veterinary research, 46(5), 1003–1010.
  • Yamashita, T., Ito, M., Kabashima, Y., Tsuzuki, H., Fujiura, A., Sakae, K. 2003. "Isolation and characterization of a new species of kobuvirus associated with cattle". Journal of General Virology, 84(11), 3069–3077.
  • Yimer, M., Gezhagne, M., Biruk, T., Dinaol, B. 2015. "A review on major bacterial causes of calf diarrhea and its diagnostic method". Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 7(5), 173–185.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Sefer Türk 0000-0003-4683-5217

Fikri Emlik 0000-0002-4988-0614

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Türk, S., & Emlik, F. (2022). Neonatal Buzağı İshali Etiyolojisindeki Ajanlar. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 3(2), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1205127

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https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2220-1645
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