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Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples in Canine Tick Paralysis: Insights and Implications

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 42 - 48, 31.12.2024

Erdem Gülersoy , Canberk Balıkçı , Adem Şahan , İsmail Günal , Esma Kısmet , Ayfer Güllü Yücetepe , Ayda Nur Oğuz

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1512638

Öz

Tick paralysis, caused by the salivary neurotoxin of several species of ticks, is a non-infectious neurological syndrome. Its clinical findings are often confused with other acute flaccid paralyses (AFPs). Demographic data and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, along with routine analyses, can be used to increase the index of suspicion for tick paralysis. Thus, this study aims to elucidate neurological manifestations and mechanisms, offering diagnostic insights to enhance understanding of tick paralysis pathophysiology and inform treatment development and prevention. 15 dogs with tick paralysis and AFP findings were included. Anamnestic data were collected for all the dogs, followed by physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), and CSF examinations. It was observed that physical examination, CBC, and CSF analysis results were within reference values. Unexpectedly, despite the non-infectious nature of tick paralysis, Staphylococcus lentus and Aeromonas sobria were detected in three CSF samples. Although these bacteria are not typically associated with tick paralysis, their presence in shepherd dogs was interpreted as contamination from livestock. Consequently, it was noted that comprehensive evaluation of demographic data and other physical and laboratory findings may aid diagnosis in cases of tick paralysis, including atypical cases where ticks cannot be detected. It was concluded that while CSF analysis is diagnostically important for neurological disorders, careful consideration of contamination risk is warranted, especially in shepherd dogs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Acute flaccid paralysis Aeromonas sobria shepherd dog Staphylococcus lentus

Kaynakça

  • Burke, M. S., Fordham, L. A., & Hamrick, H. J. (2005). Ticks and tick paralysis: imaging findings on cranial MR. Pediatric radiology, 35(2), 206–208.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-004-1307-4
  • Diaz, J. H. (2015). A Comparative MetaAnalysis of Tick Paralysis in the United States and Australia. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 53(9), 874–883. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1085999
  • Di Terlizzi, R., & Platt, S. R. (2009). The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: part II–analysis. The Veterinary Journal, 180(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.024
  • Dunbar, S. A., Eason, R. A., Musher, D. M., & Clarridge, J. E., 3rd (1998). Microscopic examination and broth culture of cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of meningitis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 36(6), 1617–1620. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.6.1617-1620.1998
  • Greene, C.E., 2006 - Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th (eds), Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00601.x
  • Gulersoy, E., Kapar, M. M., Durgut, M. K., Naseri, A., & Ok, M. (2022). Evaluation of clinical, hematochemical and cerebrospinal fluid analysis findings in dogs naturally affected by the neurological form of canine distemper. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja, 144(1), 13-30.
  • Harkin, K. R., Walshaw R., (1999). Tick paralysis in dogs: A retrospective study of 39 cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 35:13–17. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-6-515
  • Hogan, R.J., Schatzberg S.J., (2019). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in small animal neurology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 49:47–65.
  • Holland, C. T. (2008). Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999-2006). Australian veterinary journal, 86(10), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00346.x
  • Huber, H., Ziegler, D., Pflüger, V., Vogel,G., Zweifel, C., & Stephan, R. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from livestock, chicken carcasses, bulk tank milk, minced meat, and contact persons. BMC veterinary research, 7, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-7-6
  • Ilkiw, J. E., & Turner, D. M. (1987). Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. 2. Blood-gas and pH, haematological and biochemical findings. Australian veterinary journal, 64(5), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09663.x
  • Kim, I. H., Jung, D. I., Yoo, J. H., Kang, B. T., Park, C., & Park, H. M. (2008). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 13 clinically healthy Beagle dogs; hematological, biochemical and electrophoretic findings. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research, 48(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.09-0455
  • Klaassen, J. K. (1999). Reference values in veterinary medicine. Laboratory medicine, 30(3), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/30.3.194
  • Mackenzie, C., (2011). Canine tick paralysis: Diagnosis and treatment. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 26:304–310. Malik, R., & Farrow, B. R. (1991). Tick paralysis in North America and Australia. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 21(1), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50016-4
  • Marx, A., Glass, J. D., & Sutter, R. W. (2000). Differential diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis and its role in poliomyelitis surveillance. Epidemiologic reviews, 22(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018041
  • Mazal, C., & Sieger, B. (2010). Staphylococcus lentus: The troublemaker. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, e397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.502
  • Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Tarallo, V. D., Ramos, R. A., Stanneck, D., Baneth, G., & de Caprariis, D. (2012). Apparent tick paralysis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs. Veterinary parasitology, 188(3-4), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.005
  • Padula, A. M. (2016). Tick paralysis of animals in Australia. Clinical Toxinology: Clinical Toxinology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12891
  • Pienaar, R., Neitz, A. W. H., & Mans, B. J. (2018). Tick Paralysis: Solving an Enigma. Veterinary sciences, 5(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5020053
  • Quinn, P.J., Carter M.E., Markey B.K., Carter G.R., (1994). Mosby Year Book Europe Limited. Lynton House, pp. 209-236, London WC1H9LB.
  • Sahu, A., Mohanty, B., Panda, M. R., Sardar, K. K., & Dehuri, M. (2013). Prevalence of tick infestation in dogs in and around Bhubaneswar. Veterinary World, 6(12), 982. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2013.982-985
  • Salman, F., Atlantawi, A., & Maraqa, N. (2023). Tick Paralysis: A Thorough Examination May Prevent Unnecessary Harm. Cureus, 15(8), e43932. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43932
  • Shelton, G. D. (2002). Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 32(1), 189–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01955616(03)00085-8
  • Simon, L.V., West B., McKinney W.P., (2023, August 14). Tick Paralysis. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470478/
  • Solomon, A. J., Naismith, R. T., & Cross, A. H. (2019). Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Impact of the 2017 McDonald criteria on clinical practice. Neurology, 92(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006583
  • Song, P., Yang, D., Li, J., Zhuo, N., Fu, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Liu, H., Sun, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). Microbiology and Outcome of Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Study in China. Frontiers in medicine, 9, 799110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.799110
  • Soulsby, E.J.L, (2005). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th (eds). Elsevier India Private Limited. https://doi.org/10.1212/978-8176710893
  • Suñol, A., Garcia‐Pertierra, S., & Faller, K. M. (2021). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs: Main patterns and prevalence of albuminocytological dissociation. Veterinary Record, 188(5), e27. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.27
  • Tipold, A. (1995). Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 9(5), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.19391676.1995.tb01089.x
  • Webster, R. A., Haskins, S., & Mackay, B. (2013). Management of respiratory failure from tick paralysis. Australian veterinary journal, 91(12), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12126

Köpek Kene Felcinde Beyin Omurilik Sıvısı Örneklerinin Analizi: Görüşler ve Çıkarımlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 42 - 48, 31.12.2024

Erdem Gülersoy , Canberk Balıkçı , Adem Şahan , İsmail Günal , Esma Kısmet , Ayfer Güllü Yücetepe , Ayda Nur Oğuz

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1512638

Öz

Çeşitli kene türlerinin tükürük nörotoksininin neden olduğu kene felci, bulaşıcı olmayan bir nörolojik sendromdur. Klinik bulguları sıklıkla diğer akut flassid paralizilerle (AFP) karıştırılır. Rutin analizlerin yanı sıra demografik veriler ve beyin omurilik sıvısı (BOS) incelemesi, kene felci şüphesini artırmak için kullanılabilir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma nörolojik bulguları ve mekanizmaları aydınlatmayı, kene felci patofizyolojisi anlayışını geliştirmek ve tedavi geliştirme ve önleme konusunda bilgi sağlamak için tanısal bilgiler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Kene felci ve AFP bulguları olan 15 köpek çalışmaya dahil edildi. Tüm köpeklerden anamnez verileri alındı, ardından fiziksel muayene, tam kan sayımı (CBC) ve BOS incelemeleri yapıldı. Fiziksel muayene, CBC ve BOS analiz sonuçlarının referans değerleri dahilinde olduğu görüldü. Kene felcinin bulaşıcı olmayan doğasına rağmen beklenmedik bir şekilde üç BOS örneğinde Staphylococcus lentus ve Aeromonas sobria tespit edildi. Her ne kadar bu bakteriler tipik olarak kene felci ile ilişkili olmasa da, çoban köpeklerinde bulunmaları çiftlik hayvanlarından kaynaklanan bir kontaminasyon olarak yorumlandı. Sonuç olarak, kenelerin tespit edilemediği atipik vakalar da dahil olmak üzere kene felci vakalarında demografik veriler ile diğer fiziksel ve laboratuvar bulgularının kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesinin tanıya yardımcı olabileceği belirlendi. BOS analizinin nörolojik bozukluklarda tanısal açıdan önemli olduğu, özellikle çoban köpeklerinde kontaminasyon riskinin dikkatle değerlendirilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Akut flassid paraliz Aeromonas sobria çoban köpeği Staphylococcus lentus

Etik Beyan

2022/003 – 01/06

Kaynakça

  • Burke, M. S., Fordham, L. A., & Hamrick, H. J. (2005). Ticks and tick paralysis: imaging findings on cranial MR. Pediatric radiology, 35(2), 206–208.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-004-1307-4
  • Diaz, J. H. (2015). A Comparative MetaAnalysis of Tick Paralysis in the United States and Australia. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 53(9), 874–883. https://doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2015.1085999
  • Di Terlizzi, R., & Platt, S. R. (2009). The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: part II–analysis. The Veterinary Journal, 180(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.024
  • Dunbar, S. A., Eason, R. A., Musher, D. M., & Clarridge, J. E., 3rd (1998). Microscopic examination and broth culture of cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis of meningitis. Journal of clinical microbiology, 36(6), 1617–1620. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.36.6.1617-1620.1998
  • Greene, C.E., 2006 - Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th (eds), Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00601.x
  • Gulersoy, E., Kapar, M. M., Durgut, M. K., Naseri, A., & Ok, M. (2022). Evaluation of clinical, hematochemical and cerebrospinal fluid analysis findings in dogs naturally affected by the neurological form of canine distemper. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja, 144(1), 13-30.
  • Harkin, K. R., Walshaw R., (1999). Tick paralysis in dogs: A retrospective study of 39 cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 35:13–17. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-32-6-515
  • Hogan, R.J., Schatzberg S.J., (2019). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in small animal neurology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 49:47–65.
  • Holland, C. T. (2008). Asymmetrical focal neurological deficits in dogs and cats with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus): 27 cases (1999-2006). Australian veterinary journal, 86(10), 377–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00346.x
  • Huber, H., Ziegler, D., Pflüger, V., Vogel,G., Zweifel, C., & Stephan, R. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from livestock, chicken carcasses, bulk tank milk, minced meat, and contact persons. BMC veterinary research, 7, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-7-6
  • Ilkiw, J. E., & Turner, D. M. (1987). Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. 2. Blood-gas and pH, haematological and biochemical findings. Australian veterinary journal, 64(5), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09663.x
  • Kim, I. H., Jung, D. I., Yoo, J. H., Kang, B. T., Park, C., & Park, H. M. (2008). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 13 clinically healthy Beagle dogs; hematological, biochemical and electrophoretic findings. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research, 48(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.09-0455
  • Klaassen, J. K. (1999). Reference values in veterinary medicine. Laboratory medicine, 30(3), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/labmed/30.3.194
  • Mackenzie, C., (2011). Canine tick paralysis: Diagnosis and treatment. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 26:304–310. Malik, R., & Farrow, B. R. (1991). Tick paralysis in North America and Australia. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 21(1), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(91)50016-4
  • Marx, A., Glass, J. D., & Sutter, R. W. (2000). Differential diagnosis of acute flaccid paralysis and its role in poliomyelitis surveillance. Epidemiologic reviews, 22(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018041
  • Mazal, C., & Sieger, B. (2010). Staphylococcus lentus: The troublemaker. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 14, e397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.502
  • Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Tarallo, V. D., Ramos, R. A., Stanneck, D., Baneth, G., & de Caprariis, D. (2012). Apparent tick paralysis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in dogs. Veterinary parasitology, 188(3-4), 325–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.005
  • Padula, A. M. (2016). Tick paralysis of animals in Australia. Clinical Toxinology: Clinical Toxinology, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12891
  • Pienaar, R., Neitz, A. W. H., & Mans, B. J. (2018). Tick Paralysis: Solving an Enigma. Veterinary sciences, 5(2), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5020053
  • Quinn, P.J., Carter M.E., Markey B.K., Carter G.R., (1994). Mosby Year Book Europe Limited. Lynton House, pp. 209-236, London WC1H9LB.
  • Sahu, A., Mohanty, B., Panda, M. R., Sardar, K. K., & Dehuri, M. (2013). Prevalence of tick infestation in dogs in and around Bhubaneswar. Veterinary World, 6(12), 982. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2013.982-985
  • Salman, F., Atlantawi, A., & Maraqa, N. (2023). Tick Paralysis: A Thorough Examination May Prevent Unnecessary Harm. Cureus, 15(8), e43932. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43932
  • Shelton, G. D. (2002). Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 32(1), 189–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01955616(03)00085-8
  • Simon, L.V., West B., McKinney W.P., (2023, August 14). Tick Paralysis. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470478/
  • Solomon, A. J., Naismith, R. T., & Cross, A. H. (2019). Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Impact of the 2017 McDonald criteria on clinical practice. Neurology, 92(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006583
  • Song, P., Yang, D., Li, J., Zhuo, N., Fu, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, H., Liu, H., Sun, L., & Liu, Y. (2022). Microbiology and Outcome of Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis in Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Study in China. Frontiers in medicine, 9, 799110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.799110
  • Soulsby, E.J.L, (2005). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 7th (eds). Elsevier India Private Limited. https://doi.org/10.1212/978-8176710893
  • Suñol, A., Garcia‐Pertierra, S., & Faller, K. M. (2021). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs: Main patterns and prevalence of albuminocytological dissociation. Veterinary Record, 188(5), e27. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.27
  • Tipold, A. (1995). Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 9(5), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.19391676.1995.tb01089.x
  • Webster, R. A., Haskins, S., & Mackay, B. (2013). Management of respiratory failure from tick paralysis. Australian veterinary journal, 91(12), 499–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12126
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Hekimlik, Veteriner Tanı ve Teşhis
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Erdem Gülersoy 0000-0001-8511-0150

Canberk Balıkçı 0000-0001-7473-5163

Adem Şahan 0000-0002-4779-0893

İsmail Günal 0000-0003-3679-4132

Esma Kısmet 0000-0002-2906-074X

Ayfer Güllü Yücetepe 0000-0002-9842-3305

Ayda Nur Oğuz 0000-0002-0771-8029

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülersoy, E., Balıkçı, C., Şahan, A., … Günal, İ. (2024). Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples in Canine Tick Paralysis: Insights and Implications. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 6(2), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1512638
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