Redirecting to http://dergipark.org.tr/_fragment?_hash=L4A5sf_F9yzA9pnLzSsQmCdwi4ds7GOLsh-wxwoTRjY&_path=id%3D543177%26_format%3Dhtml%26_locale%3Dtr%26_controller%3DApp%255CController%255CSite%255CArticleController%253A%253AesiArticleStats.
Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Virüslerin Reverz Genetiği

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 90 - 100, 15.08.2019

Hasan Abaylı

Öz

Reverz genetik, genom üzerindeki dizilerin fonksiyonlarını belirlemeye yönelik girişimlere imkan tanıyan güçlü sistemlerden oluşmaktadır. Virüslerin kolay manipüle edilebilir yapısı ve hızlı fenotipik karakter sergileme özelliği virüs reverz genetiği alanındaki gelişmeleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. Virüs reverz genetiği, özellikle dinamik yapısıyla mutasyon oluşturmaya müsait, yüksek patojenik RNA virüsleri hakkındaki bilinmezliklerin ortaya çıkarılmasında önemli görevler üstlenmektedir. Bu görevlerin başında viral patogenez ve virülens faktörlerin belirlenmesi sonrasında ise yüksek immunojenik, non-patojenik -iyi virüs- üretme girişimleri gelmektedir. Bu derlemede reverz genetik sistemler sistemleri ve mevcut gelişmeler hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enfeksiyöz klon kurtarma sistemleri reverz genetik virüs

Kaynakça

  • Almazan F, DeDiego ML, Sola I, Zuniga S, Nieto-Torres JL, Marquez-Jurado S, Andres G, Enjuanes L (2013) Engineering a replication-competent, propagation-defective middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus as a vaccine candidate. mBio 4:e00650–e00613. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00650-13.
  • Andrejeva J, Childs KS, Young DF, Carlos TS, Stock N, Goodbourn S, Randall RE (2004) The V proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the IFN-inducible RNA helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the IFN-beta promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:17264–17269. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407639101.
  • Balint A, Farsang A, Zadori Z, Hornyak A, Dencso L, Almazan F, Enjuanes L, Belak S (2012) Molecular characterization of feline infectious peritonitis virus strain DF-2 and studies of the role of ORF3abc in viral cell tropism. J Virol 86:6258–6267. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00189-12.
  • Barbanti-Brodano G, Swetly P, Koprowski H (1970) Early events in the infection of permissive cells with simian virus 40: adsorption, penetration, and uncoating. J Virol 6:78-86. Barclay WS, Palese P (1995) Influenza B viruses with site-specific mutations introduced into the HA gene. J Virol 69:1275-1279.
  • Bartlett EJ, Cruz, AM, Esker J, Castano A, Schomacker H, Surman SR, Hennessey M, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Pickles RJ, Collins PL, Murhpy BR, Schmidt AC (2008) Human parainfluenza virus type 1C proteins are nonessential proteins that inhibit the host interferon and apoptotic responses and are required for efficient replication in nonhuman primates. J Virol 82:8965–8977. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00853-08.
  • Bayou K. (2017) Current techniques and applications of reverse genetics: an overview. International Journal of Genetics 7:31-37. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijg.2017.31.37. Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, Kühl A, Pöhlmann S (2010) Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Rev Med Virol 20:298-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.657.
  • Bossert B, Marozin S, Conzelmann KK (2003) Nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 of bovine respiratory syncytial virus block activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. J Virol 77:8661-8668. https//doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.16.8661-8668.2003.
  • Boyer JC, Haenni AL (1994) Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. Virology 198:415–426. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1053
  • Böttcher E, Matrosovich T, Beyerle M, Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M. (2006) Proteolytic activation of influenza viruses by serine proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT from human airway epithelium. J Virol 80:9896-9898. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.01118-06
  • Bridgen A, Elliott R M (1996) Rescue of a segmented negative-strand RNA virus entirely from cloned complementary DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:15400–15404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15400.
  • Buchholz CJ, Spehner D, Drillien R, Neubert WJ, Homann HE (1993) The conserved N-terminal region of Sendai virus nucleocapsid protein NP is required for nucleocapsid assembly. J Virol 67:5803-5812. https://doi.org/0022-538X/93/105803-10$02.00/0
  • Buchholz UJ, Finke S, Conzelmann KK (1999) Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter. J Virol 73:251–259.
  • Buchman AR, Burnett L, Berg P (1981) DNA tumor viruses. In: Weiss RA, Teich NM, Varmus HF, Coffin JM. (eds) The Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York, pp 799-841.
  • Burns CC, Shaw J, Campagnoli R, Jorba J, Vincent A, Quay J, Kew O (2006) Modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness in hela cells by deoptimization of synonymous codon usage in the capsid region. J Virol 80:3259–3272. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.7.3259-3272.2006
  • Castrucci MR, Kawaoka Y (1995) Reverse genetics system for generation of an influenza A virus mutant containing a deletion of the carboxyl-terminal residue of M2 protein. J Virol 69:2725-2728.
  • Cenna J, Hunter M, Tan GS, Papaneri AB, Ribka EP, Schnell MJ, Marx PA, McGettigan JP (2009) Replication-deficient rabies virus-based vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis 200:1251-1260. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F605949.
  • Chen BJ, Leser GP, Morita E, Lamb RA (2007) Influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but not the matrix protein, are required for assembly and budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles. J Virol 81:7111–7123. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00361-07.
  • Childs K, Stock N, Ross C, Andrejeva J, Hilton L, Skinner M, Randall R, Goodbourn S (2007) mda-5, but not RIG-I, is a common target for paramyxovirus V proteins. Virology 359:190-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.023.
  • Collins PL, Hill MG, Camargo E, Grosfeld H, Chanock RM, Murphy BR (1995) Production of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus from cloned cDNA confirms an essential role for the transcription elongation factor from the 5’ proximal open reading frame of the M2 mRNA in gene expression and provides a capability for vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:11563–11567. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.25.11563.
  • Conzelmann KK (1998) Nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses: genetics and manipulation of viral genomes. Annu Rev Genet 32:123–162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.123.
  • de la Torre JC (2001) Bornaviridae. In: DM Knipe, PM Howley (eds) Fields Virology, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1669-1678.
  • de Wit E, Spronken MI, Vervaet G, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2007) A reverse-genetics system for Influenza A virus using T7 RNA polymerase. J Gen Virol 88:1281-1287. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82452-0.
  • DeDiego ML, Alvarez E, Almazan F, Rejas MT, Lamirande E, Roberts A, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, Subbarao K, Enjuanes L (2007) A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 81:1701–1713. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01467-06.
  • Dormitzer PR, Suphaphiphat P, Gibson DG, Wentworth DE, Stockwell TB, Algire MA, Alperovich N, Barro M, Brown DM, Craig S, Dattilo BM, Denisova EA, De Souza I, Eickmann M, Dugan VG, Ferrari A, Gomila RC, Han L, Judge C, Mane S, Matrosovich M, Merryman C, Palladino G, Palmer GA, Spencer T, Strecker T, Trusheim H, Uhlendorff J, Wen Y, Yee AC, Zaveri J, Zhou B, Becker S, Donabedian A, Mason PW, Glass JI, Rappuoli R, Venter JC (2013) Synthetic generation of influenza vaccine viruses for rapid response to pandemics. Sci Transl Med 5:185ra68. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3006368.
  • Dunn EF, Pritlove DC, Jin H, Elliott RM (1995) Transcription of a recombinant bunyavirus RNA template by transiently expressed bunyavirus proteins. Virology 211:133-143. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.1386.
  • Ebihara H, Takada A, Kobasa D, Jones S, Neumann G, Theriault S, Bray M, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y (2006) Molecular determinants of Ebola virus virulence in mice. PLoS Pathog 2006:2:e73. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020073.
  • Elroy-Stein O, Moss, B (1990) Cytoplasmic expression system based on constitutive synthesis of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:6743–6747.
  • Enami M, Sharma G, Benham C, Palese P (1991) An influenza virus containing nine different RNA segments Virology 185:291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(91)90776-8.
  • Fearns R, Collins PL (1999) Role of the M2-1 transcription antitermination protein of respiratory syncytial virus in sequential transcription. J Virol 73:5852–5864.
  • Ferko B, Stasakova J, Romanova J, Kittel C, Sereinig S, Katinger H, Egorov A (2004) Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of replication-deficient influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes. J Virol 78:13037–13045. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.23.13037-13045.2004.
  • Flanagan EB, Schoeb TR, Wertz GW (2003) Vesicular stomatitis viruses with rearranged genomes have altered invasiveness and neuropathogenesis in mice. J Virol 77:5740–5748. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.77.10.5740-5748.2003.
  • Flanagan EB, Zamparo JM, Ball LA, Rodriguez LL, Wertz GW (2001). Rearrangement of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus eliminates clinical disease in the natural host: new strategy for vaccine development. J Virol 75:6107-6114. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.13.6107-6114.2001.
  • Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG, Palese P, Brownlee GG, Garcia- Sastre A (1999) Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. Journal of Virology 73:9679–9682.
  • Friedman H, Macarak EJ, MacGregor RR, Wolfe J, Kefalides NA (1981) Virus infection of endothelial cells. J Infect Dis 143:266-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/143.2.266.
  • Gauliard N, Billecocq A, Flick R, Bouloy M (2006) Rift Valley fever virus noncoding regions of L, M and S segments regulate RNA synthesis. Virology 351:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.018.
  • Goff SP and Berg P (1976) Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells. Cell 9:695-705.
  • Goodbourn S, Didcock L, Randall RE (2000) Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 81:2341–2364. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-10-2341.
  • Gotoh B, Komatsu T, Takeuchi K, Yokoo J (2002) Paramyxovirus strategies for evading the interferon response. Rev Med Virol 12:337–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.357.
  • Griffiths JFA, Wessler SR, Levontin RC, Gelbart WM, Suzuki DT, Miller JH (2004) Introduction to Genetic Analysis. Freeman, W. H. & Company, Los Angeles.
  • Halfmann P, Ebihara H, Marzi A, Hatta Y, Watanabe S, Suresh M, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y (2009) Replication deficient ebolavirus as a vaccine candidate. J Virol 83:3810–3815. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00074-09.
  • Halfmann P, Kim JH, Ebihara H, Noda T, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y (2008) Generation of biologically contained Ebola viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1129–1133. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708057105.
  • Han X, Bushweller JH, Cafiso DS, Tamm LK (2001) Membrane structure and fusion-triggering conformational change of the fusion domain from influenza hemagglutinin. Nat Struct Biol 8:715-720. https://doi.org/10.1038/90434.
  • Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y (2001) Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 293:1840-1842. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062882.
  • Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster RG (2000) A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:6108–6113. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.100133697.
  • Horimoto T, Rivera E, Pearson J, Senne D, Krauss S, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG (1995) Origin and molecular changes associated with emergence of a highly pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus in Mexico. Virology 213:223-230. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.1562.
  • Jackson D, Elderfield RA, Barclay WS (2011) Molecular studies of influenza B virus in the reverse genetics era. J Gen Virol 92:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.026187-0.
  • Jason PR (2009) The Use of Reverse genetics to glone and rescue infectious, recombinant human parainfluenza type 3 viruses. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 467.
  • Jones N, Shenk T (1978) Isolation of deletion and substitution mutants of adenovirus type 5. Cell 13:181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(79)90275-7.
  • Kelly RM, Strick PL (2000) Rabies as a transneuronal tracer of circuits in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 103:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00296-X.
  • Lamb RA, Krug RM (2001) Orthomyxoviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE (eds) Fields Virology, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1487-1531.
  • Le Mercier P, Jacob Y, Tanner K, Tordo N (2002) A novel expression cassette of lyssa viruss hows that the distantly related Mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. J Virol 76:2024–2027. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.76.4.2024-2027.2002.
  • Lee KJ, Novella IS, Teng MN, Oldstone MB, de la Torre JC (2000) NP and L proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are sufficient for efficient transcription and replication of LCMV genomic RNA analogs. J Virol 74:3470-3477. https//doi.org/ 10.1128/JVI.74.8.3470-3477.2000.
  • Levanova A, Poranen MM (2018) RNA Interference as a Prospective Tool for the Control of Human Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 9:2151. https//doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02151.
  • Luongo C, Winter CC, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ (2013) Respiratory syncytial virus modified by deletions of the NS2 gene and amino acid S1313 of the L polymerase protein is a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is phenotypically stable at physiological temperature. J Virol 87:1985–1996. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02769-12.
  • Luytjes W, Krystal M, Enami M, Pavin JD, Palese P (1989) Amplification, expression, and packaging of foreign gene by influenzavirus. Cell 59:1107-1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90766-6.
  • Mackett M, Smith GL, Moss B (1982) Vaccinia virus: a selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79:7415-7419. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.23.7415.
  • Mebatsion T, Verstegen S, De Vaan LTC, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Schrier CC (2001) A Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus with Low-Level V Protein Expression Is Immunogenic and Lacks Pathogenicity for Chicken Embryos. J Virol 75:420-428. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.75.1.420-428.2001.
  • Mueller S, Papamichail D, Coleman JR, Skiena S, Wimmer E (2006) Reduction of the rate of poliovirus protein synthesis through large-scale codon deoptimization causes attenuation of viral virulence by lowering specific infectivity. J Virol 80:9687–9696. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00738-06.
  • Mundt E, Vakharia VN (1996) Synthetic transcripts of double-stranded Birnavirus genome are infectious. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:11131–11136. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.11131.
  • Mühlberger E, Lötfering B, Klenk HD, Becker S (1998) Three of the four nucleocapsid proteins of Marburg virus, NP, VP35, and L, are sufficient to mediate replication and transcription of Marburg virus-specific monocistronic minigenomes J Virol 72:8756-8764.
  • Mühlberger E, Weik M, Volchkov VE, Klenk HD, Becker S (1999) Comparison of the Transcription and Replication Strategies of Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus by Using Artificial Replication Systems J Virol 73:2333-2342.
  • Neumann G, Fujii K, Kino Y, Kawaoka Y (2005) An improved reverse genetics system for influenza A virus generation and its implications for vaccine production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16825-16829. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505587102.
  • Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (2004) Reverse genetics systems for the generation of segmented negative-sense RNA viruses entirely from cloned cDNA. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 283:43-60.
  • Neumann G, Watanabe T, Ito H, Watanabe S, Goto H, Gao P, Hughes M, Perez DR, Donis R, Hoffmann E, Hobom G, Kawaoka Y (1999) Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:9345–9350. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.16.9345.
  • Neumann G, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y (2002) A decade after the generation of a negative-sense RNA virus from cloned cDNA-what have we learned? J Gen Virol 83:2635–2662. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2635.
  • Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Topham DJ, Martinez-Sobrido L (2016) Rearrangement of influenza virus spliced segments for the development of live-attenuated vaccines. J Virol 90:6291-6302. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00410-16.
  • Palese P, Zheng H, Engelhardt OG, Pleschka S, Garcia-Sastre A (1996) Negative-strand RNA viruses: genetic engineering and applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:11354-11358. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.21.11354.
  • Pattnaik AK, Wertz GW (1990) Replication and amplification of defective interfering particle RNAs of vesicular stomatitis virus in cells expressing viral protein from vectors containing cloned cDNAs. J Virol 64:2948-2957.
  • Pegoraro G, Bavari S, Panchal RG (2012) Shedding light on filovirus infection with high-content imaging. Viruses 4:1354-1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4081354.
  • Pena L, Sutton T, Chockalingam A, Kumar S, Angel M, Shao H, Chen H, Li,W, Perez DR (2013) Influenza viruses with rearranged genomes as live-attenuated vaccines. J Virol 87:5118–5127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.02490-12.
  • Perez DR, Garcia-Sastre A (2013) H5N1, a wealth of knowledge to improve pandemic preparedness. Virus Res 178:1–2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virusres.2013.11.001.
  • Perez DR, Lim W, Seiler JP, Yi G, Peiris M, Shortridge KF, Webster RG (2003) Role of quail in the interspecies transmission of H9 influenza A viruses: Molecular changes on HA that correspond to adaptation from ducks to chickens. JVirol 77:3148–3156. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.5.3148-3156.2003.
  • Poole E, He B, Lamb RA, Randall RE, Goodbourn S (2002) The V proteins of simian virus 5 and other paramyxoviruses inhibit induction of interferon-beta.Virology 303:33–46. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1737.
  • Post LE, Roizman B (1981). A generalized technique for deletion of specific genes in large genomes: alpha gene 22 of herpes simplex virus 1 is not essential for growth. Cell 25:227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(81)90247-6.
  • Pushko P, Lukashevich IS, Weaver SC, Tretyakova I, (2016) DNA-launched live-attenuated vaccines for biodefense applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 15:1223-1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2016.1175943.
  • Pushko P, Pearce MB, Ahmad A, Tretyakova I, Smith G, Belser JA, Tumpey TM (2011) Influenza virus-like particle can accommodate multiple subtypes of hemagglutinin and protect from multiple influenza types and subtypes. Vaccine 29:5911–5918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.068
  • Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (1981) Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:4887–4891. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.8.4887.
  • Radecke F, Spielhofer P, Schneider H, Kaelin K, Huber M, Dotsch C, Christiansen G, Billeter MA (1995) Rescue of measles viruses from cloned DNA. EMBO J 14:5773–5784. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00266.x.
  • Richt JA, Garcia-Sastre A (2009) Attenuated influenza virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 333:177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_9.
  • Schaap-Nutt A, D’Angelo C, Scull MA, Amaro-Carambot E, Nishio M, Pickles JP, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schmidt AC (2010) Human parainfluenza virus type 2V protein inhibits interferon production and signaling and is required for replication in non-human primates. Virology 397:285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.018.
  • Schnell MJ, Mebatsion T, Conzelmann KK (1994) Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA. EMBO J 13:4195–4203.
  • Schrauwen EJ, Herfst S, Leijten LM, van Run P, Bestebroer TM, Linster M, Bodewes R, Kreijtz JH, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, van Riel D (2012) The multibasic cleavage site in H5N1 virus is critical for systemic spread along the olfactory and hematogenous routes in ferrets. J Virol 86:3975-3984. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06828-11.
  • Senne DA, Panigrahy B, Kawaoka Y, Pearson JE, Süss J, Lipkind M, Kida H, Webster RG (1996) Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential. Avian Dis 40:425-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592241.
  • Shortle D, DiMaio D, Nathans D. Directed Mutagenesis (1981) Annu Rev Genet 15:265-294. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.001405.
  • Sola I, Alonso S, Zúñiga S, Balasch M, Plana-durán J, Enjuanes L (2003) Engineepg the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity. J Virol 77: 4357-4369. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003.
  • Steel J, Lowen AC, Pena L, Angel M, Solorzano A, Albrecht R, Perez DR, Garcia-Sastre A, Palese P (2009) Live attenuated influenza viruses containing NS1 truncations as vaccine candidates against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. J Virol 83:1742–1753. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01920-08.
  • Stobart CC, Moore ML (2014) RNA virus reverse genetics and vaccine design. Viruses 6:2531-2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6072531.
  • Storey D, Dimock K, Kang CY (1984). Structural characterization of virion proteins and genomic RNA of human parainfluenza virus 3. J Virol 52:761-766.
  • Suguitan AL, Matsuoka Y, Lau YF, Santos CP, Vogel L, Cheng LI, Orandle M, Subbarao K (2012) The multibasic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) avian influenza virus acts as a virulence factor in a host-specific manner in mammals. J Virol 86:2706-2714. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05546-11.
  • Tan FL, Yın JQ (2004) RNAi, a new therapeutic strategy against viral infection. Cell Res 14:460-466. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7290248.
  • Taniguchi T, Palmieri M, Weissmann C (1978) QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host. Nature 274:223–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274223a0.
  • Temizkan G. Moleküler Genetik (2013) Nobel, İstanbul.
  • Treanor JJ, Schiff GM, Hayden FG, Brady RC, Hay CM, Meyer AL, Holden-Wiltse J, Liang H, Gilbert A, Cox M (2007) Safety and immunogenicity of a baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297:1577–1582. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.14.1577.
  • Watt A, Moukambi F, Banadyga L, Banadyga L, Groseth A, Callison J, Herwig A, Ebihara H, Feldmann H, Hoenen T (2014) A novel lifecycle modeling system for Ebola virus shows a genome length-dependent role of VP24 on virus infectivity. J Virol 88:10511-10524. https://doi.org/ 10.1128/JVI.01272-14.
  • Wenigenrath J, Kolesnikova L, Hoenen T, Mittler E, Becker S (2010) Establishment and application of an infectious virus-like particle system for Marburg virus. J Gen Virol 91:1325-34. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.018226-0.
  • Wertz GW, Perepelitsa VP, Ball LA (1998) Gene rearrangement attenuates expression and lethality of a nonsegmented negative strand RNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:3501-3506. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.7.3501.
  • Whelan SP, Barr JN, Wertz GW (2004) Transcription and replication of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 283:61-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_3.
  • Wickersham IR, Sullivan HA, Seung HS (2013) Axonal and subcellular labelling using modified rabies viral vectors. Nat Commun 4:2332. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3332.
  • Wiley DC, Skehel JJ (1987) The structure and function of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus. Annu Rev Biochem 56:365-394. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.002053.
  • www.lonza.com. Erişim tarihi: 01.08.2019
  • Ye S, Evans JG, Stambas J (2014) Influenza reverse genetics: dissecting immunity and pathogenesis. Expert Rev Mol Med 16:e2. https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2014.4.
  • Yoneda M, Guillaume V, Sato H, Fujita K, Georges-Courbot MC, Ikeda F, Omi M, Muto-Terao Y, Wild TF, Kai C (2010) The nonstructural proteins of Nipah virus play a key role in pathogenicity in experimentally infected animals. Plos One 5:e12709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012709.
  • Zhang X, Kong W, Ashraf S, Roy C (2009) A one-plasmid system to generate ınfluenza virus in cultured chicken cells for potential use in ınfluenza vaccine. J Virol 83:9296-9303. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00781-09.
  • Zhirnov OP, Ikizler MR, Wright PF (2002) Cleavage of influenza a virus hemagglutinin in human respiratory epithelium is cell associated and sensitive to exogenous antiproteases. J Virol 76:8682-8689. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.17.8682-8689.2002.

Reverse Genetics of Viruses

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 90 - 100, 15.08.2019

Hasan Abaylı

Öz

Reverse genetics are powerful systems that allow for attempts to determine the functions of sequences on genetic material. Easier manipulation of viruses and rapid phenotypic characterization have led to advances in the field of virus reverse genetics. Virus reverse genetics play an important role in the detection of obscurity about high pathogenic RNA viruses, which are suitable for mutation with its dynamic structure.The most important of these roles are the high immunogenic, non-pathogenic-good virus-producing interventions after viral pathogenesis and virulence factors are determined. In this review, information about reverse genetic systems and current developments is presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Infectious clone rescue systems reverse genetics virus

Kaynakça

  • Almazan F, DeDiego ML, Sola I, Zuniga S, Nieto-Torres JL, Marquez-Jurado S, Andres G, Enjuanes L (2013) Engineering a replication-competent, propagation-defective middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus as a vaccine candidate. mBio 4:e00650–e00613. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00650-13.
  • Andrejeva J, Childs KS, Young DF, Carlos TS, Stock N, Goodbourn S, Randall RE (2004) The V proteins of paramyxoviruses bind the IFN-inducible RNA helicase, mda-5, and inhibit its activation of the IFN-beta promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:17264–17269. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407639101.
  • Balint A, Farsang A, Zadori Z, Hornyak A, Dencso L, Almazan F, Enjuanes L, Belak S (2012) Molecular characterization of feline infectious peritonitis virus strain DF-2 and studies of the role of ORF3abc in viral cell tropism. J Virol 86:6258–6267. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00189-12.
  • Barbanti-Brodano G, Swetly P, Koprowski H (1970) Early events in the infection of permissive cells with simian virus 40: adsorption, penetration, and uncoating. J Virol 6:78-86. Barclay WS, Palese P (1995) Influenza B viruses with site-specific mutations introduced into the HA gene. J Virol 69:1275-1279.
  • Bartlett EJ, Cruz, AM, Esker J, Castano A, Schomacker H, Surman SR, Hennessey M, Boonyaratanakornkit J, Pickles RJ, Collins PL, Murhpy BR, Schmidt AC (2008) Human parainfluenza virus type 1C proteins are nonessential proteins that inhibit the host interferon and apoptotic responses and are required for efficient replication in nonhuman primates. J Virol 82:8965–8977. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00853-08.
  • Bayou K. (2017) Current techniques and applications of reverse genetics: an overview. International Journal of Genetics 7:31-37. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijg.2017.31.37. Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, Kühl A, Pöhlmann S (2010) Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Rev Med Virol 20:298-310. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.657.
  • Bossert B, Marozin S, Conzelmann KK (2003) Nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 of bovine respiratory syncytial virus block activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. J Virol 77:8661-8668. https//doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.16.8661-8668.2003.
  • Boyer JC, Haenni AL (1994) Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. Virology 198:415–426. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1994.1053
  • Böttcher E, Matrosovich T, Beyerle M, Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M. (2006) Proteolytic activation of influenza viruses by serine proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT from human airway epithelium. J Virol 80:9896-9898. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.01118-06
  • Bridgen A, Elliott R M (1996) Rescue of a segmented negative-strand RNA virus entirely from cloned complementary DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:15400–15404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15400.
  • Buchholz CJ, Spehner D, Drillien R, Neubert WJ, Homann HE (1993) The conserved N-terminal region of Sendai virus nucleocapsid protein NP is required for nucleocapsid assembly. J Virol 67:5803-5812. https://doi.org/0022-538X/93/105803-10$02.00/0
  • Buchholz UJ, Finke S, Conzelmann KK (1999) Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter. J Virol 73:251–259.
  • Buchman AR, Burnett L, Berg P (1981) DNA tumor viruses. In: Weiss RA, Teich NM, Varmus HF, Coffin JM. (eds) The Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York, pp 799-841.
  • Burns CC, Shaw J, Campagnoli R, Jorba J, Vincent A, Quay J, Kew O (2006) Modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness in hela cells by deoptimization of synonymous codon usage in the capsid region. J Virol 80:3259–3272. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.7.3259-3272.2006
  • Castrucci MR, Kawaoka Y (1995) Reverse genetics system for generation of an influenza A virus mutant containing a deletion of the carboxyl-terminal residue of M2 protein. J Virol 69:2725-2728.
  • Cenna J, Hunter M, Tan GS, Papaneri AB, Ribka EP, Schnell MJ, Marx PA, McGettigan JP (2009) Replication-deficient rabies virus-based vaccines are safe and immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis 200:1251-1260. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F605949.
  • Chen BJ, Leser GP, Morita E, Lamb RA (2007) Influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, but not the matrix protein, are required for assembly and budding of plasmid-derived virus-like particles. J Virol 81:7111–7123. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00361-07.
  • Childs K, Stock N, Ross C, Andrejeva J, Hilton L, Skinner M, Randall R, Goodbourn S (2007) mda-5, but not RIG-I, is a common target for paramyxovirus V proteins. Virology 359:190-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.023.
  • Collins PL, Hill MG, Camargo E, Grosfeld H, Chanock RM, Murphy BR (1995) Production of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus from cloned cDNA confirms an essential role for the transcription elongation factor from the 5’ proximal open reading frame of the M2 mRNA in gene expression and provides a capability for vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:11563–11567. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.25.11563.
  • Conzelmann KK (1998) Nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses: genetics and manipulation of viral genomes. Annu Rev Genet 32:123–162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.123.
  • de la Torre JC (2001) Bornaviridae. In: DM Knipe, PM Howley (eds) Fields Virology, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1669-1678.
  • de Wit E, Spronken MI, Vervaet G, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2007) A reverse-genetics system for Influenza A virus using T7 RNA polymerase. J Gen Virol 88:1281-1287. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82452-0.
  • DeDiego ML, Alvarez E, Almazan F, Rejas MT, Lamirande E, Roberts A, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, Subbarao K, Enjuanes L (2007) A severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 81:1701–1713. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01467-06.
  • Dormitzer PR, Suphaphiphat P, Gibson DG, Wentworth DE, Stockwell TB, Algire MA, Alperovich N, Barro M, Brown DM, Craig S, Dattilo BM, Denisova EA, De Souza I, Eickmann M, Dugan VG, Ferrari A, Gomila RC, Han L, Judge C, Mane S, Matrosovich M, Merryman C, Palladino G, Palmer GA, Spencer T, Strecker T, Trusheim H, Uhlendorff J, Wen Y, Yee AC, Zaveri J, Zhou B, Becker S, Donabedian A, Mason PW, Glass JI, Rappuoli R, Venter JC (2013) Synthetic generation of influenza vaccine viruses for rapid response to pandemics. Sci Transl Med 5:185ra68. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3006368.
  • Dunn EF, Pritlove DC, Jin H, Elliott RM (1995) Transcription of a recombinant bunyavirus RNA template by transiently expressed bunyavirus proteins. Virology 211:133-143. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.1386.
  • Ebihara H, Takada A, Kobasa D, Jones S, Neumann G, Theriault S, Bray M, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y (2006) Molecular determinants of Ebola virus virulence in mice. PLoS Pathog 2006:2:e73. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0020073.
  • Elroy-Stein O, Moss, B (1990) Cytoplasmic expression system based on constitutive synthesis of bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87:6743–6747.
  • Enami M, Sharma G, Benham C, Palese P (1991) An influenza virus containing nine different RNA segments Virology 185:291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(91)90776-8.
  • Fearns R, Collins PL (1999) Role of the M2-1 transcription antitermination protein of respiratory syncytial virus in sequential transcription. J Virol 73:5852–5864.
  • Ferko B, Stasakova J, Romanova J, Kittel C, Sereinig S, Katinger H, Egorov A (2004) Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of replication-deficient influenza A viruses with altered NS1 genes. J Virol 78:13037–13045. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.23.13037-13045.2004.
  • Flanagan EB, Schoeb TR, Wertz GW (2003) Vesicular stomatitis viruses with rearranged genomes have altered invasiveness and neuropathogenesis in mice. J Virol 77:5740–5748. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.77.10.5740-5748.2003.
  • Flanagan EB, Zamparo JM, Ball LA, Rodriguez LL, Wertz GW (2001). Rearrangement of the genes of vesicular stomatitis virus eliminates clinical disease in the natural host: new strategy for vaccine development. J Virol 75:6107-6114. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.13.6107-6114.2001.
  • Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG, Palese P, Brownlee GG, Garcia- Sastre A (1999) Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. Journal of Virology 73:9679–9682.
  • Friedman H, Macarak EJ, MacGregor RR, Wolfe J, Kefalides NA (1981) Virus infection of endothelial cells. J Infect Dis 143:266-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/143.2.266.
  • Gauliard N, Billecocq A, Flick R, Bouloy M (2006) Rift Valley fever virus noncoding regions of L, M and S segments regulate RNA synthesis. Virology 351:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.018.
  • Goff SP and Berg P (1976) Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells. Cell 9:695-705.
  • Goodbourn S, Didcock L, Randall RE (2000) Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 81:2341–2364. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-81-10-2341.
  • Gotoh B, Komatsu T, Takeuchi K, Yokoo J (2002) Paramyxovirus strategies for evading the interferon response. Rev Med Virol 12:337–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.357.
  • Griffiths JFA, Wessler SR, Levontin RC, Gelbart WM, Suzuki DT, Miller JH (2004) Introduction to Genetic Analysis. Freeman, W. H. & Company, Los Angeles.
  • Halfmann P, Ebihara H, Marzi A, Hatta Y, Watanabe S, Suresh M, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y (2009) Replication deficient ebolavirus as a vaccine candidate. J Virol 83:3810–3815. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00074-09.
  • Halfmann P, Kim JH, Ebihara H, Noda T, Neumann G, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y (2008) Generation of biologically contained Ebola viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1129–1133. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708057105.
  • Han X, Bushweller JH, Cafiso DS, Tamm LK (2001) Membrane structure and fusion-triggering conformational change of the fusion domain from influenza hemagglutinin. Nat Struct Biol 8:715-720. https://doi.org/10.1038/90434.
  • Hatta M, Gao P, Halfmann P, Kawaoka Y (2001) Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses. Science 293:1840-1842. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1062882.
  • Hoffmann E, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y, Hobom G, Webster RG (2000) A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:6108–6113. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.100133697.
  • Horimoto T, Rivera E, Pearson J, Senne D, Krauss S, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG (1995) Origin and molecular changes associated with emergence of a highly pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus in Mexico. Virology 213:223-230. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1995.1562.
  • Jackson D, Elderfield RA, Barclay WS (2011) Molecular studies of influenza B virus in the reverse genetics era. J Gen Virol 92:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.026187-0.
  • Jason PR (2009) The Use of Reverse genetics to glone and rescue infectious, recombinant human parainfluenza type 3 viruses. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 467.
  • Jones N, Shenk T (1978) Isolation of deletion and substitution mutants of adenovirus type 5. Cell 13:181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(79)90275-7.
  • Kelly RM, Strick PL (2000) Rabies as a transneuronal tracer of circuits in the central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods 103:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00296-X.
  • Lamb RA, Krug RM (2001) Orthomyxoviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE (eds) Fields Virology, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1487-1531.
  • Le Mercier P, Jacob Y, Tanner K, Tordo N (2002) A novel expression cassette of lyssa viruss hows that the distantly related Mokola virus can rescue a defective rabies virus genome. J Virol 76:2024–2027. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.76.4.2024-2027.2002.
  • Lee KJ, Novella IS, Teng MN, Oldstone MB, de la Torre JC (2000) NP and L proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are sufficient for efficient transcription and replication of LCMV genomic RNA analogs. J Virol 74:3470-3477. https//doi.org/ 10.1128/JVI.74.8.3470-3477.2000.
  • Levanova A, Poranen MM (2018) RNA Interference as a Prospective Tool for the Control of Human Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 9:2151. https//doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02151.
  • Luongo C, Winter CC, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ (2013) Respiratory syncytial virus modified by deletions of the NS2 gene and amino acid S1313 of the L polymerase protein is a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is phenotypically stable at physiological temperature. J Virol 87:1985–1996. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02769-12.
  • Luytjes W, Krystal M, Enami M, Pavin JD, Palese P (1989) Amplification, expression, and packaging of foreign gene by influenzavirus. Cell 59:1107-1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90766-6.
  • Mackett M, Smith GL, Moss B (1982) Vaccinia virus: a selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79:7415-7419. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.23.7415.
  • Mebatsion T, Verstegen S, De Vaan LTC, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Schrier CC (2001) A Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus with Low-Level V Protein Expression Is Immunogenic and Lacks Pathogenicity for Chicken Embryos. J Virol 75:420-428. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.75.1.420-428.2001.
  • Mueller S, Papamichail D, Coleman JR, Skiena S, Wimmer E (2006) Reduction of the rate of poliovirus protein synthesis through large-scale codon deoptimization causes attenuation of viral virulence by lowering specific infectivity. J Virol 80:9687–9696. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00738-06.
  • Mundt E, Vakharia VN (1996) Synthetic transcripts of double-stranded Birnavirus genome are infectious. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:11131–11136. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.11131.
  • Mühlberger E, Lötfering B, Klenk HD, Becker S (1998) Three of the four nucleocapsid proteins of Marburg virus, NP, VP35, and L, are sufficient to mediate replication and transcription of Marburg virus-specific monocistronic minigenomes J Virol 72:8756-8764.
  • Mühlberger E, Weik M, Volchkov VE, Klenk HD, Becker S (1999) Comparison of the Transcription and Replication Strategies of Marburg Virus and Ebola Virus by Using Artificial Replication Systems J Virol 73:2333-2342.
  • Neumann G, Fujii K, Kino Y, Kawaoka Y (2005) An improved reverse genetics system for influenza A virus generation and its implications for vaccine production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:16825-16829. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505587102.
  • Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (2004) Reverse genetics systems for the generation of segmented negative-sense RNA viruses entirely from cloned cDNA. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 283:43-60.
  • Neumann G, Watanabe T, Ito H, Watanabe S, Goto H, Gao P, Hughes M, Perez DR, Donis R, Hoffmann E, Hobom G, Kawaoka Y (1999) Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:9345–9350. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.16.9345.
  • Neumann G, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y (2002) A decade after the generation of a negative-sense RNA virus from cloned cDNA-what have we learned? J Gen Virol 83:2635–2662. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2635.
  • Nogales A, DeDiego ML, Topham DJ, Martinez-Sobrido L (2016) Rearrangement of influenza virus spliced segments for the development of live-attenuated vaccines. J Virol 90:6291-6302. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00410-16.
  • Palese P, Zheng H, Engelhardt OG, Pleschka S, Garcia-Sastre A (1996) Negative-strand RNA viruses: genetic engineering and applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:11354-11358. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.21.11354.
  • Pattnaik AK, Wertz GW (1990) Replication and amplification of defective interfering particle RNAs of vesicular stomatitis virus in cells expressing viral protein from vectors containing cloned cDNAs. J Virol 64:2948-2957.
  • Pegoraro G, Bavari S, Panchal RG (2012) Shedding light on filovirus infection with high-content imaging. Viruses 4:1354-1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4081354.
  • Pena L, Sutton T, Chockalingam A, Kumar S, Angel M, Shao H, Chen H, Li,W, Perez DR (2013) Influenza viruses with rearranged genomes as live-attenuated vaccines. J Virol 87:5118–5127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.02490-12.
  • Perez DR, Garcia-Sastre A (2013) H5N1, a wealth of knowledge to improve pandemic preparedness. Virus Res 178:1–2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virusres.2013.11.001.
  • Perez DR, Lim W, Seiler JP, Yi G, Peiris M, Shortridge KF, Webster RG (2003) Role of quail in the interspecies transmission of H9 influenza A viruses: Molecular changes on HA that correspond to adaptation from ducks to chickens. JVirol 77:3148–3156. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.5.3148-3156.2003.
  • Poole E, He B, Lamb RA, Randall RE, Goodbourn S (2002) The V proteins of simian virus 5 and other paramyxoviruses inhibit induction of interferon-beta.Virology 303:33–46. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1737.
  • Post LE, Roizman B (1981). A generalized technique for deletion of specific genes in large genomes: alpha gene 22 of herpes simplex virus 1 is not essential for growth. Cell 25:227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(81)90247-6.
  • Pushko P, Lukashevich IS, Weaver SC, Tretyakova I, (2016) DNA-launched live-attenuated vaccines for biodefense applications. Expert Rev Vaccines 15:1223-1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2016.1175943.
  • Pushko P, Pearce MB, Ahmad A, Tretyakova I, Smith G, Belser JA, Tumpey TM (2011) Influenza virus-like particle can accommodate multiple subtypes of hemagglutinin and protect from multiple influenza types and subtypes. Vaccine 29:5911–5918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.068
  • Racaniello VR, Baltimore D (1981) Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:4887–4891. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.8.4887.
  • Radecke F, Spielhofer P, Schneider H, Kaelin K, Huber M, Dotsch C, Christiansen G, Billeter MA (1995) Rescue of measles viruses from cloned DNA. EMBO J 14:5773–5784. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00266.x.
  • Richt JA, Garcia-Sastre A (2009) Attenuated influenza virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 333:177–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_9.
  • Schaap-Nutt A, D’Angelo C, Scull MA, Amaro-Carambot E, Nishio M, Pickles JP, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Schmidt AC (2010) Human parainfluenza virus type 2V protein inhibits interferon production and signaling and is required for replication in non-human primates. Virology 397:285–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.018.
  • Schnell MJ, Mebatsion T, Conzelmann KK (1994) Infectious rabies viruses from cloned cDNA. EMBO J 13:4195–4203.
  • Schrauwen EJ, Herfst S, Leijten LM, van Run P, Bestebroer TM, Linster M, Bodewes R, Kreijtz JH, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA, Kuiken T, van Riel D (2012) The multibasic cleavage site in H5N1 virus is critical for systemic spread along the olfactory and hematogenous routes in ferrets. J Virol 86:3975-3984. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06828-11.
  • Senne DA, Panigrahy B, Kawaoka Y, Pearson JE, Süss J, Lipkind M, Kida H, Webster RG (1996) Survey of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses: amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site as a marker of pathogenicity potential. Avian Dis 40:425-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592241.
  • Shortle D, DiMaio D, Nathans D. Directed Mutagenesis (1981) Annu Rev Genet 15:265-294. Doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.001405.
  • Sola I, Alonso S, Zúñiga S, Balasch M, Plana-durán J, Enjuanes L (2003) Engineepg the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity. J Virol 77: 4357-4369. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003.
  • Steel J, Lowen AC, Pena L, Angel M, Solorzano A, Albrecht R, Perez DR, Garcia-Sastre A, Palese P (2009) Live attenuated influenza viruses containing NS1 truncations as vaccine candidates against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. J Virol 83:1742–1753. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01920-08.
  • Stobart CC, Moore ML (2014) RNA virus reverse genetics and vaccine design. Viruses 6:2531-2550. https://doi.org/10.3390/v6072531.
  • Storey D, Dimock K, Kang CY (1984). Structural characterization of virion proteins and genomic RNA of human parainfluenza virus 3. J Virol 52:761-766.
  • Suguitan AL, Matsuoka Y, Lau YF, Santos CP, Vogel L, Cheng LI, Orandle M, Subbarao K (2012) The multibasic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) avian influenza virus acts as a virulence factor in a host-specific manner in mammals. J Virol 86:2706-2714. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.05546-11.
  • Tan FL, Yın JQ (2004) RNAi, a new therapeutic strategy against viral infection. Cell Res 14:460-466. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7290248.
  • Taniguchi T, Palmieri M, Weissmann C (1978) QB DNA-containing hybrid plasmids giving rise to QB phage formation in the bacterial host. Nature 274:223–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/274223a0.
  • Temizkan G. Moleküler Genetik (2013) Nobel, İstanbul.
  • Treanor JJ, Schiff GM, Hayden FG, Brady RC, Hay CM, Meyer AL, Holden-Wiltse J, Liang H, Gilbert A, Cox M (2007) Safety and immunogenicity of a baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297:1577–1582. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.14.1577.
  • Watt A, Moukambi F, Banadyga L, Banadyga L, Groseth A, Callison J, Herwig A, Ebihara H, Feldmann H, Hoenen T (2014) A novel lifecycle modeling system for Ebola virus shows a genome length-dependent role of VP24 on virus infectivity. J Virol 88:10511-10524. https://doi.org/ 10.1128/JVI.01272-14.
  • Wenigenrath J, Kolesnikova L, Hoenen T, Mittler E, Becker S (2010) Establishment and application of an infectious virus-like particle system for Marburg virus. J Gen Virol 91:1325-34. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.018226-0.
  • Wertz GW, Perepelitsa VP, Ball LA (1998) Gene rearrangement attenuates expression and lethality of a nonsegmented negative strand RNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:3501-3506. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.7.3501.
  • Whelan SP, Barr JN, Wertz GW (2004) Transcription and replication of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 283:61-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06099-5_3.
  • Wickersham IR, Sullivan HA, Seung HS (2013) Axonal and subcellular labelling using modified rabies viral vectors. Nat Commun 4:2332. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3332.
  • Wiley DC, Skehel JJ (1987) The structure and function of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus. Annu Rev Biochem 56:365-394. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.002053.
  • www.lonza.com. Erişim tarihi: 01.08.2019
  • Ye S, Evans JG, Stambas J (2014) Influenza reverse genetics: dissecting immunity and pathogenesis. Expert Rev Mol Med 16:e2. https://doi.org/10.1017/erm.2014.4.
  • Yoneda M, Guillaume V, Sato H, Fujita K, Georges-Courbot MC, Ikeda F, Omi M, Muto-Terao Y, Wild TF, Kai C (2010) The nonstructural proteins of Nipah virus play a key role in pathogenicity in experimentally infected animals. Plos One 5:e12709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012709.
  • Zhang X, Kong W, Ashraf S, Roy C (2009) A one-plasmid system to generate ınfluenza virus in cultured chicken cells for potential use in ınfluenza vaccine. J Virol 83:9296-9303. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00781-09.
  • Zhirnov OP, Ikizler MR, Wright PF (2002) Cleavage of influenza a virus hemagglutinin in human respiratory epithelium is cell associated and sensitive to exogenous antiproteases. J Virol 76:8682-8689. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.17.8682-8689.2002.
Toplam 104 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hasan Abaylı 0000-0003-2116-105X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Abaylı, H. (2019). Virüslerin Reverz Genetiği. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 1(2), 90-100.
 Kapak Resmi İndir