Derleme
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 26 - 33, 03.09.2021
Öz
Testis ekzokrin ve endokrin fonksiyonları sayesinde hem spermatoozon üretimi, hem de testosteron hormonu salgılanmasından sorumludur. Testis kendisini vücut sıcaklığından birkaç derece düşük ısıda tutan scrotum adı verilen keselerde yer alır. Testisler deney hayvanlarında doğum sonrası scrotuma inerler. Hatta rat ve farelerde yaşamları boyunca karın boşluğu ile scrotum arasında giderler. Scrotum fare ve ratlarda preputium ve anus arasında bulunurken, tavşanda iki bacak arasında ve penisin iki yanında, kobayda ise tavşandaki yerine benzer şekilde ancak daha önde bulunur. Histolojik olarak baktığımızda en dışta tunica albuginea tabakası bulunur ve bu tabaka merkeze doğru yaptığı duvar yapıları (septula testis) ile testisi lopçuklara ayırır. Bu lopçuklar tubuli seminiferi adı verilen kıvrımlı kanallar ve bu kanalların arasını dolduran gevşek bağ dokudan (interstitium) oluşmaktadır. Tubuli seminiferi’ler iç kısmı destek fonksiyonlarını yerine getiren Sertoli hücreleri ile spermatogenetik hücrelerin oluşturduğu germinal epitel ile kaplıdır. İnterstitial doku ise barındırdığı Leydig hücreleri sayesinde androjen üretiminden sorumludur. Primitif bir gem hücresi olan spermatogonium’un olgun bir spermatozoon’a dönüşmesi Spermatogenesis ve Spermiogenesis aşamalarından oluşur. Spermatogenesis Mitoz ve Mayoz evrelerinden oluşur ve bu aşama sonunda spermatid ortaya çıkar. Spermiogenesis aşamasında ise spermatid’ler golgi, cap, akrozom ve matürasyon fazlarından geçerek olgun spermatozoon olarak tubuli seminiferi lümenine salınırlar. Testise ait tüm bu fonksiyonların ve deney hayvanlarının testislerinin özelliklerinin anlaşılmasının bu alanda çalışma yapacak araştırmacılar için faydalı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adamsson A, Simanaınen U, Viluksela M, Paranko J, Toppari J (2009) The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on foetal male rat steroidogenesis. Int J Androl 32(5): 575-585
- Akosman MS (2009) Yeni Zelanda tavşanında Leydig hücrelerinin sayısının Stereolojik Metodlarla hesaplanması. (Doktora Tezi), Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
- Andrews FN (1940) Thermo-Regulatory Function of Rat Scrotum. I. Normal Development and Effect of Castration. Exp Biol Med 45(3): 867-869.
- Baillie AH (1964) The Histochemistry and Ultrastructure of the Genocyte. J Anat 98: 641-645.
- Baydemir NA (2011) Chromosomal polymorphism of Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (rodentia: muridae) in Central Anatolia. Folia Biol (Krakow) 59(1-2): 31-34.
- Beatty RA, Fischberg M (1951) Cell Number in Haploid, Diploid and Polyploid Mouse Embryos. J Exp Biol 28: 541-552.
- Bremner WJ, Millar MR, Sharpe RM, Sunders PTK (1994) Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in the rat tissue: evidence for stage-dependent expression and regulation by androgen. Endocrinology 135: 1227-1234.
- Brockschmidt F, Nothen M, Hillmer A (2007) The two most common alleles of the coding GGN repeat in the androgen receptor gene cause differences in protein function. J Mol Endocrinol 39(1): 1-8.
- Buzek SW, Sanborn BM (1988) Increase in testicular androgen receptor during sexual maturation in the rat. Biol Reprod 39: 39-49.
- Chang C, Chen YT, Yeh SD, Xu Q, Wang RS, Guillou F, Lardy H, Yeh S (2004) Infertility with defective spermatogenesis and hypotestosteronemia in male mice lacking the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells. PNAS USA 101: 6876-6881.
- Chiasson RB (1994) Laboratory anatomy of the white rat, WCB Mc graw-Hill, Boston.
- Cooper G, Schiller AL (1976) Anatomy of the Guinea Pig. Harvard university press, Massachusetts.
- Craigie EH (1948) Bensley's Practical anatomy of the rabbit. 8th Ed. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 245-250.
- Çakır A, Bozkurt EÜ, Düzler A (2001) Tavşan, kobay ve sıçanda testisin şekli, konumu ve testis epididymis ilişkisi. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 48: 129-132.
- Çöven N (1994) Prenatal ve postnatal dönemdeki ratlarda testisin histogenezisi üzerinde ışık mikroskobik çalışmalar (Doktora Tezi). Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elazığ.
- Dym M, Fawcett DW (1970) The Blood-Testis Barrier in the Rat and the Physiological Compartmentation of the Seminiferous Epithelium. Biol Reprod 3(3): 308-326.
- Flickinger CJ, Baran ML, Howards SS, Herr JC (1999) Degeneration of the Seminiferous Epithelium Following Epididymal Obstruction in Prepubertal Rats. Anat Rec 254: 76-86.
- França LR, Ogawa T, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL, Russell LD (1998) Germ Cell Genotype Controls Cell Cycle during Spermatogenesis in the Rat. Germ Cell Genotype Controls Cell Cycle during Spermatogenesis in the Rat. Biol Reprod 59(6): 1371-1377.
- Gast A, Schneikert J, Cato AC (1998) N-terminal sequences of the human androgen receptor in DNA binding and transrepressing functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 65: 117-123.
- George FW, Peterson KG (1988) Partial characterization of the androgen receptor of the newborn rat gubernaculum. Biol Reprod 39(3): 536-539.
- Ginsburg M, Snow MH, McLaren A (1990) Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development 110: 521–528.
- Goyal HO, Bartol FF, Wıley AA, Neff CW (1997) Immunolocalization of receptors for androgen and estrogen in male caprine reproductive tissues: Unique distribution of estrogen receptors in efferent ductule epithelium. Biol Reprod 56: 90-101.
- Gren EC (1963) Anatomy of the rat. Hafner Publishing Company. New York.
- Gren EL (1966) Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. Dover Publıcatıons, Inc., New York.
- Hess RA (1990) Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stages and transitions in the cycle of the rat seminiferous epithelium: light microscopic observations of perfusion-fixed and plastic-embedded testes. Biol Reprod 43: 525-542
- Holtz W, Foote RH (1978) The Anatomy of the Reproductive system in male Dutch Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with Special Emphasis Accessory sex glands. J Morphol 158: 1-20.
- Jewett MAS, Thachil, JV, Harris JF (1983) Exocrine function of testis with germinal testicular tumour. Br Med J 286(6381): 1849–1850.
- Jost A, Magre S, Agelopoulou R (1981) Early stages of testicular differentiation in the rat. Hum Genet 58: 59–63.
- Junqueira LC, Carneiro J (2003) Temel Histoloji. (Çeviri Editörü: Prof. Dr. Yener Aytekin, Doç. Dr. Seyhun Solakoğlu). Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul. 431-443.
- Kalkan Y (2001) Sıçanlarda Testisin Postnatal Gelişimi Üzerine Histolojik ve Histoşimik Araştırmalar. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van.
- Karl J, Capel B (1998) Sertoli cells of the Mouse testis originate from the coelomic epithelium. Dev Biol 203: 323–333.
- Kerr JB, Knell CM (1988) The fate of fetal Leydig cells during the development of the fetal and postnatal rat testis. Development 103: 535–544.
- Koopman P, Munsterberg A, Capel B, Vivian N, Lovell-Badge R (1990) Expression of a candidate sex-determining gene during mouse testis differentiation. Nature 348: 450–452.
- Kraus WL, Lıs JT (2003) PARP goes transcription. Cell 113: 677-683.
- Kuş İ, Zarasız İ, Akpolat N, Ögetürk M, Kuş MA, Özen OA, Sarsılmaz M (2008) Deneysel Formaldehit Zehirlenmesinde Omega-3 Yağ Asitlerinin Testislerdeki Antiapopitotik Etkileri: Imunohistokimyasal Bir Çalışma. Fırat Tıp Derg 13(3): 162-166
- Levine E, Cupp AS, Skinner MK (2000) Role of Neurotropins in rat embryonic testis morphogenesis (cord formation). Biol Reprod 62: 132-142.
- Levy S, Serre V, Hermo L, Robaire B (1999) The effects of aging on the seminiferous epithelium and the blood–testis barrier of the Brown Norway rat. J Androl 20: 356-365.
- Lin PH, Huang KH, Tian YF, Lin CH,Chao CM, Tang LY, Hsieh KL, Chang CP (2021) Exertional heat stroke on fertility, erectile function, and testicular morphology in male rats. Sci Rep 11:3539.
- Loukil L, Boudawara T, Ayadi I, Bahloul A, Jlidi R, Ayadi H, Keskes L (2005) High androgen receptor immunoexpression in human "Sertoli cell only" testis. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 82(1-4): 47-51.
- Maloney SK, Shepherd KL, Bakker AJ (2005) Contractile physiology and response to temperature changes of the tunica dartos muscle of the rat. Pflugers Arch 451: 489–497.
- Martínez-Berganza MT, Sarría L, Cozcolluela R, Cabada T, Escolar F, Rıpa L (1998) Cysts of the tunica albuginea: sonographic appearance. AJR 170(1): 183-185.
- McLaughlin CA, Chiasson RB (1990). Laboratory Anatomy of the Rabbit. Wm. C. Brown Company Publisher, 8th Ed.
- Menissier de Murcia J, Ricoul M, Tartier L, Niedergang C, Huber A, Dantzer F, Schreiber V., Ame JC, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Sabatier L, Chambon P, and de Murcia G (2003) Functional interaction between PARP-1 and PARP-2 in chromosome stability and embryonic development in mouse. EMBO J 22: 2255-2263.
- Merchant-Larios H, Moreno-Mendoza N (1998) Mesonephric stromal cells differentiate into Leydig cells in the mouse fetal testis. Exp Cell Res 244: 230–238.
- Mital P, Hinton BT, Dufour JM (2011) The Blood-Testis and Blood-Epididymis Barriers are More than Just Their Tight Junctions. Biol Reprod 84: 852-858.
- Morton D, Wetsbrode SE, Wyder WE, Maurer JK, Capen CC (1986) Histologic alterations in the testes of laboratory rabbits. Vet Pathol 23: 214-217.
- Nielsen HC, Torday JS (1983) Anatomy of fetal rabbit gonads and the sexing of fetal rabbits. Lab Anim 17: 148-150.
- Nishino K, Yamanouchi K, Naito K, Tojo H (2001) Characterization of mesonephric cells that migrate into the XY gonad during testis differentiation. Exp Cell Res 267: 225–232.
- O’Malley B (2005) Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of Exotic Species. Structure and Function of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians. Elsevier Saunders, London.
- Ogbuewu IP, Okoli, IC, Iloeje MU (2009) Semen quality characteristics, reaction time, testis weight and seminiferous tubule diameter of buck rabbits fed neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf meal based diets. Iran J Reprod Med 7(1): 23-28.
- Papadopoulos V, Mukhin AG, Costa E, Krueger KE (1990) The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor is functionally linked to Leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Biol Chem 265: 3772-3779.
- Regadera J, Martinez-Garcia F, Lez-Peramato PG, Serrano A, Nistal M, Suarez-Quian CA (2001) Androgen Receptor Expression in Sertoli Cells as a Function of Seminiferous Tubule Maturation in the Human Cryptorchid Testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 413-421.
- Romanenko SA, Perelman PL, Trifonov VA, Serdyukova NA, Li T, Fu B, O'Brien PC, Ng BL, Nie W, Liehr T, Stanyon R, Graphodatsky AS, Yang F (2015) A First Generation Comparative Chromosome Map between Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) and Humans. PLoS One 10(5):e0127937.
- Russell LD, Brinster RL (1996) Ultrastructural observations of spermatogenesis following transplantation of rat testis cells into mouse seminiferous tubules. J Androl 17(6): 615-627.
- Sadler TW (2005) Langman Medikal Embriyoloji. 9.Baskıdan Çeviri, Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Satoh M (1985) The histogenesis of the gonad in rat embryos. J Anat 143: 17–37.
- Shan LX, Bardin CW, Hardy MP (1997) Immunohistochemical analysis of androgen effects on androgen receptor expression in developing Leydig and Sertoli cells. Endocrinology, 138: 1259-1266.
- Simeunovic B, Strbene M, Bavdek SV (2000) Position and histological structure of the testes in the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) during seasonal regression and recrudescence. Anat Histol Embryol 29: 73-82.
- Swierstra EE, Foote RH (1993) Cytology and kinetics of spermatogenesis in the rabbit. J Reprod Fertil 5: 309-322. Tevosian, SG, Albrecht KH, Crispino JD, Fujiwara Y, Eicher EM, Orkin SH (2002) Gonadal differentiation, sex determination and normal Sry expression in mice require direct interaction between transcription partners GATA4 and FOG2. Development 129: 4627–4634.
- Tsunenari I, Kast A (1992) Developmental and regressive changes in the testes of the Himalayan rabbit. Lab Anim 26: 167-179.
- Venge O (1956) Chromosome Number in Rabbit Blastocysts. Nature 177: 384–385.
- Vergouwen RP, Jacobs SG, Huiskamp R, Davids JA, de Rooij DG (1991) Proliferative activity of gonocytes, Sertoli cells and interstitial cells during testicular development in mice. J Reprod Fertil 93: 233-243.
- Wensing, CJG (1986) Testicular Descent in the Rat and a Comparison of This Process in the Rat With That in the Pig. Anat Rec 214: 154-160.
- Wheater PR, Burkitt HG, Daniels VG (1987) Functional Histology. Edinburgh London Melbourne and New York. 329-336.
- Winstall E, Affar EB, Shah R, Bourassa S, Scovassi IA, Poirier GG (1999) Preferential perinuclear localization of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Exp Cell Res 251: 372-378.
- Wright WW, Frankel AI (1980) An andronen receptor in the nuclei of late spermatids in testes of male rats. Endocrinology 107: 314-318.
- Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW (2007) Weather's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas, 5th Ed. Elseiver Inc., USA.
- Zhang C, Yeh S, Chen Y, Wu C, Chuang K, Lin H, Wang R, Chang Y, Mendis-Handagama C, Hu L, Lardy H, Chang C (2006) Oligozoospermia with normal fertility in male mice lacking the androgen receptor in testis peritubular myoid cells. PNAS USA 103(47): 17718-17723.
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 26 - 33, 03.09.2021
Öz
The testis performs exocrine and endocrine functions and is responsible for both the production of spermatoozone and the secretion of testosterone hormone. The testicle is located in sacs called the scrotum, which keeps itself at a temperature a few degrees below body temperature. Testicles descend into the scrotum after birth in experimental animals. Even in rats and mice, they go between the abdominal cavity and scrotum throughout their lives. While the scrotum is located between the preputium and anus in mice and rats, it is located between the two legs of the rabbit and on both sides of the penis, and in the guinea pig, its location is similar to the rabbit but more in front. When we look histologically, there is the outer tunica albuginea layer and this layer separates the testicle into lobules thanks to the wall structures (septula testis) it creates towards the center. These lobules consist of curved canals called tubuli seminiferous and loose connective tissue (interstitium) filling between these channels. The inner part of Tubuli seminaries is covered with germinal epithelium formed by Sertoli cells and spermatogenetic cells that perform support functions. Interstitial tissue is responsible for androgen production thanks to the Leydig cells it contains. The transformation of spermatogonium, which is a primitive gem cell, into a mature spermatozoon consists of the stages of Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis. Spermatogenesis consists of the stages of Mitosis and Meiosis and at the end of this stage, the spermatid emerges. In the spermiogenesis phase, spermatids pass through the Golgi, cap, acrosome, and maturation phases and are released into the lumen of the tubuli seminiferous as mature spermatozoa. We think that understanding all these functions of testes and the properties of testicles of experimental animals will be useful for researchers who will work in this field.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adamsson A, Simanaınen U, Viluksela M, Paranko J, Toppari J (2009) The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on foetal male rat steroidogenesis. Int J Androl 32(5): 575-585
- Akosman MS (2009) Yeni Zelanda tavşanında Leydig hücrelerinin sayısının Stereolojik Metodlarla hesaplanması. (Doktora Tezi), Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar.
- Andrews FN (1940) Thermo-Regulatory Function of Rat Scrotum. I. Normal Development and Effect of Castration. Exp Biol Med 45(3): 867-869.
- Baillie AH (1964) The Histochemistry and Ultrastructure of the Genocyte. J Anat 98: 641-645.
- Baydemir NA (2011) Chromosomal polymorphism of Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (rodentia: muridae) in Central Anatolia. Folia Biol (Krakow) 59(1-2): 31-34.
- Beatty RA, Fischberg M (1951) Cell Number in Haploid, Diploid and Polyploid Mouse Embryos. J Exp Biol 28: 541-552.
- Bremner WJ, Millar MR, Sharpe RM, Sunders PTK (1994) Immunohistochemical localization of androgen receptors in the rat tissue: evidence for stage-dependent expression and regulation by androgen. Endocrinology 135: 1227-1234.
- Brockschmidt F, Nothen M, Hillmer A (2007) The two most common alleles of the coding GGN repeat in the androgen receptor gene cause differences in protein function. J Mol Endocrinol 39(1): 1-8.
- Buzek SW, Sanborn BM (1988) Increase in testicular androgen receptor during sexual maturation in the rat. Biol Reprod 39: 39-49.
- Chang C, Chen YT, Yeh SD, Xu Q, Wang RS, Guillou F, Lardy H, Yeh S (2004) Infertility with defective spermatogenesis and hypotestosteronemia in male mice lacking the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells. PNAS USA 101: 6876-6881.
- Chiasson RB (1994) Laboratory anatomy of the white rat, WCB Mc graw-Hill, Boston.
- Cooper G, Schiller AL (1976) Anatomy of the Guinea Pig. Harvard university press, Massachusetts.
- Craigie EH (1948) Bensley's Practical anatomy of the rabbit. 8th Ed. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 245-250.
- Çakır A, Bozkurt EÜ, Düzler A (2001) Tavşan, kobay ve sıçanda testisin şekli, konumu ve testis epididymis ilişkisi. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 48: 129-132.
- Çöven N (1994) Prenatal ve postnatal dönemdeki ratlarda testisin histogenezisi üzerinde ışık mikroskobik çalışmalar (Doktora Tezi). Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elazığ.
- Dym M, Fawcett DW (1970) The Blood-Testis Barrier in the Rat and the Physiological Compartmentation of the Seminiferous Epithelium. Biol Reprod 3(3): 308-326.
- Flickinger CJ, Baran ML, Howards SS, Herr JC (1999) Degeneration of the Seminiferous Epithelium Following Epididymal Obstruction in Prepubertal Rats. Anat Rec 254: 76-86.
- França LR, Ogawa T, Avarbock MR, Brinster RL, Russell LD (1998) Germ Cell Genotype Controls Cell Cycle during Spermatogenesis in the Rat. Germ Cell Genotype Controls Cell Cycle during Spermatogenesis in the Rat. Biol Reprod 59(6): 1371-1377.
- Gast A, Schneikert J, Cato AC (1998) N-terminal sequences of the human androgen receptor in DNA binding and transrepressing functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 65: 117-123.
- George FW, Peterson KG (1988) Partial characterization of the androgen receptor of the newborn rat gubernaculum. Biol Reprod 39(3): 536-539.
- Ginsburg M, Snow MH, McLaren A (1990) Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development 110: 521–528.
- Goyal HO, Bartol FF, Wıley AA, Neff CW (1997) Immunolocalization of receptors for androgen and estrogen in male caprine reproductive tissues: Unique distribution of estrogen receptors in efferent ductule epithelium. Biol Reprod 56: 90-101.
- Gren EC (1963) Anatomy of the rat. Hafner Publishing Company. New York.
- Gren EL (1966) Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. Dover Publıcatıons, Inc., New York.
- Hess RA (1990) Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stages and transitions in the cycle of the rat seminiferous epithelium: light microscopic observations of perfusion-fixed and plastic-embedded testes. Biol Reprod 43: 525-542
- Holtz W, Foote RH (1978) The Anatomy of the Reproductive system in male Dutch Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with Special Emphasis Accessory sex glands. J Morphol 158: 1-20.
- Jewett MAS, Thachil, JV, Harris JF (1983) Exocrine function of testis with germinal testicular tumour. Br Med J 286(6381): 1849–1850.
- Jost A, Magre S, Agelopoulou R (1981) Early stages of testicular differentiation in the rat. Hum Genet 58: 59–63.
- Junqueira LC, Carneiro J (2003) Temel Histoloji. (Çeviri Editörü: Prof. Dr. Yener Aytekin, Doç. Dr. Seyhun Solakoğlu). Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul. 431-443.
- Kalkan Y (2001) Sıçanlarda Testisin Postnatal Gelişimi Üzerine Histolojik ve Histoşimik Araştırmalar. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van.
- Karl J, Capel B (1998) Sertoli cells of the Mouse testis originate from the coelomic epithelium. Dev Biol 203: 323–333.
- Kerr JB, Knell CM (1988) The fate of fetal Leydig cells during the development of the fetal and postnatal rat testis. Development 103: 535–544.
- Koopman P, Munsterberg A, Capel B, Vivian N, Lovell-Badge R (1990) Expression of a candidate sex-determining gene during mouse testis differentiation. Nature 348: 450–452.
- Kraus WL, Lıs JT (2003) PARP goes transcription. Cell 113: 677-683.
- Kuş İ, Zarasız İ, Akpolat N, Ögetürk M, Kuş MA, Özen OA, Sarsılmaz M (2008) Deneysel Formaldehit Zehirlenmesinde Omega-3 Yağ Asitlerinin Testislerdeki Antiapopitotik Etkileri: Imunohistokimyasal Bir Çalışma. Fırat Tıp Derg 13(3): 162-166
- Levine E, Cupp AS, Skinner MK (2000) Role of Neurotropins in rat embryonic testis morphogenesis (cord formation). Biol Reprod 62: 132-142.
- Levy S, Serre V, Hermo L, Robaire B (1999) The effects of aging on the seminiferous epithelium and the blood–testis barrier of the Brown Norway rat. J Androl 20: 356-365.
- Lin PH, Huang KH, Tian YF, Lin CH,Chao CM, Tang LY, Hsieh KL, Chang CP (2021) Exertional heat stroke on fertility, erectile function, and testicular morphology in male rats. Sci Rep 11:3539.
- Loukil L, Boudawara T, Ayadi I, Bahloul A, Jlidi R, Ayadi H, Keskes L (2005) High androgen receptor immunoexpression in human "Sertoli cell only" testis. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 82(1-4): 47-51.
- Maloney SK, Shepherd KL, Bakker AJ (2005) Contractile physiology and response to temperature changes of the tunica dartos muscle of the rat. Pflugers Arch 451: 489–497.
- Martínez-Berganza MT, Sarría L, Cozcolluela R, Cabada T, Escolar F, Rıpa L (1998) Cysts of the tunica albuginea: sonographic appearance. AJR 170(1): 183-185.
- McLaughlin CA, Chiasson RB (1990). Laboratory Anatomy of the Rabbit. Wm. C. Brown Company Publisher, 8th Ed.
- Menissier de Murcia J, Ricoul M, Tartier L, Niedergang C, Huber A, Dantzer F, Schreiber V., Ame JC, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Sabatier L, Chambon P, and de Murcia G (2003) Functional interaction between PARP-1 and PARP-2 in chromosome stability and embryonic development in mouse. EMBO J 22: 2255-2263.
- Merchant-Larios H, Moreno-Mendoza N (1998) Mesonephric stromal cells differentiate into Leydig cells in the mouse fetal testis. Exp Cell Res 244: 230–238.
- Mital P, Hinton BT, Dufour JM (2011) The Blood-Testis and Blood-Epididymis Barriers are More than Just Their Tight Junctions. Biol Reprod 84: 852-858.
- Morton D, Wetsbrode SE, Wyder WE, Maurer JK, Capen CC (1986) Histologic alterations in the testes of laboratory rabbits. Vet Pathol 23: 214-217.
- Nielsen HC, Torday JS (1983) Anatomy of fetal rabbit gonads and the sexing of fetal rabbits. Lab Anim 17: 148-150.
- Nishino K, Yamanouchi K, Naito K, Tojo H (2001) Characterization of mesonephric cells that migrate into the XY gonad during testis differentiation. Exp Cell Res 267: 225–232.
- O’Malley B (2005) Clinical Anatomy and Physiology of Exotic Species. Structure and Function of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians. Elsevier Saunders, London.
- Ogbuewu IP, Okoli, IC, Iloeje MU (2009) Semen quality characteristics, reaction time, testis weight and seminiferous tubule diameter of buck rabbits fed neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf meal based diets. Iran J Reprod Med 7(1): 23-28.
- Papadopoulos V, Mukhin AG, Costa E, Krueger KE (1990) The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor is functionally linked to Leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Biol Chem 265: 3772-3779.
- Regadera J, Martinez-Garcia F, Lez-Peramato PG, Serrano A, Nistal M, Suarez-Quian CA (2001) Androgen Receptor Expression in Sertoli Cells as a Function of Seminiferous Tubule Maturation in the Human Cryptorchid Testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 413-421.
- Romanenko SA, Perelman PL, Trifonov VA, Serdyukova NA, Li T, Fu B, O'Brien PC, Ng BL, Nie W, Liehr T, Stanyon R, Graphodatsky AS, Yang F (2015) A First Generation Comparative Chromosome Map between Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) and Humans. PLoS One 10(5):e0127937.
- Russell LD, Brinster RL (1996) Ultrastructural observations of spermatogenesis following transplantation of rat testis cells into mouse seminiferous tubules. J Androl 17(6): 615-627.
- Sadler TW (2005) Langman Medikal Embriyoloji. 9.Baskıdan Çeviri, Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Satoh M (1985) The histogenesis of the gonad in rat embryos. J Anat 143: 17–37.
- Shan LX, Bardin CW, Hardy MP (1997) Immunohistochemical analysis of androgen effects on androgen receptor expression in developing Leydig and Sertoli cells. Endocrinology, 138: 1259-1266.
- Simeunovic B, Strbene M, Bavdek SV (2000) Position and histological structure of the testes in the brown hare (Lepus europaeus) during seasonal regression and recrudescence. Anat Histol Embryol 29: 73-82.
- Swierstra EE, Foote RH (1993) Cytology and kinetics of spermatogenesis in the rabbit. J Reprod Fertil 5: 309-322. Tevosian, SG, Albrecht KH, Crispino JD, Fujiwara Y, Eicher EM, Orkin SH (2002) Gonadal differentiation, sex determination and normal Sry expression in mice require direct interaction between transcription partners GATA4 and FOG2. Development 129: 4627–4634.
- Tsunenari I, Kast A (1992) Developmental and regressive changes in the testes of the Himalayan rabbit. Lab Anim 26: 167-179.
- Venge O (1956) Chromosome Number in Rabbit Blastocysts. Nature 177: 384–385.
- Vergouwen RP, Jacobs SG, Huiskamp R, Davids JA, de Rooij DG (1991) Proliferative activity of gonocytes, Sertoli cells and interstitial cells during testicular development in mice. J Reprod Fertil 93: 233-243.
- Wensing, CJG (1986) Testicular Descent in the Rat and a Comparison of This Process in the Rat With That in the Pig. Anat Rec 214: 154-160.
- Wheater PR, Burkitt HG, Daniels VG (1987) Functional Histology. Edinburgh London Melbourne and New York. 329-336.
- Winstall E, Affar EB, Shah R, Bourassa S, Scovassi IA, Poirier GG (1999) Preferential perinuclear localization of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Exp Cell Res 251: 372-378.
- Wright WW, Frankel AI (1980) An andronen receptor in the nuclei of late spermatids in testes of male rats. Endocrinology 107: 314-318.
- Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW (2007) Weather's Functional Histology: A Text and Colour Atlas, 5th Ed. Elseiver Inc., USA.
- Zhang C, Yeh S, Chen Y, Wu C, Chuang K, Lin H, Wang R, Chang Y, Mendis-Handagama C, Hu L, Lardy H, Chang C (2006) Oligozoospermia with normal fertility in male mice lacking the androgen receptor in testis peritubular myoid cells. PNAS USA 103(47): 17718-17723.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Cerrahi |
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 3 Eylül 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1 |
