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Köpeklerin Bulaşıcı Veneral Tümörlerinin İmmunohistokimyasal Karakterizasyonunda CD3, CD79αcy, Vimentin, α-Smooth Muscle Actin, S100 ve Sitokeratin 5/6 Ekspresyonları

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 54 - 61, 30.12.2020

Emin Karakurt , Mushap Kuru , Enver Beytut , Serpil Dağ , Hilmi Nuhoğlu , Murat Can Demir , Ayfer Yıldız , Cihan Kaçar

Öz

Bulaşıcı Veneral Tümör (BVT) oldukça bulaşıcı, yuvarlak hücreli bir tümördür ve tümörün kökeni bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmamızda BVT’nin hücresel karakterizasyonu ortaya koymak amacıyla CD3, CD79αcy, vimentin, α-düz kas aktin, s100 and sitokeratin 5/6 ekspresyonlarını immunohistokimyasal olarak değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Bu çalışmanın materyalini altısı dişi ve dördü erkek olmak üzere toplamda on adet BVT teşhisi konulmuş kesit oluşturdu. Köpeklerden alınan doku kesitleri %10’luk tamponlu formaldehit solüsyonunda tespit edildi. Rutin doku işlemleri ardından kesitlere Hematoksilen & Eozin boyası uygulandı. Kesitler ışık mikroskobu altında değerlendirildi. Sitolojik incelemeler için kitlelerden alınan smearlere Diff-quick metodu uygulandı. İmmunohistokimyasal boyama olarak avidin biotin immune peroksidaz kompleks yöntemi uygulandı. Makrosobik, histopatolojik ve sitolojik bulgular temelinde vakalara TVT teşhisi konuldu. Tüm vakalar yuvarlak tümör hücrelerinde vimentin ekspresyonu dışında tüm belirteçler için negatifti. CD3, CD79αcy, s100, sitokeratin 5/6 and α-düz kas aktin immunoreaktivitesi açısından negatiflik tümörün kökeninin lenfositer, düz kas hücresi ya da epitelyal kökenli olmadığını düşündürmektedir. Geriye kalan tek seçenek tümörün histiyositer kökenli olabileceği yönündedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bulaşıcı veneral tümör immunfenotip köpek

Kaynakça

  • Referans1Agnew DW, MacLachlan NJ (2017) Tumors of the genital systems. In : Moulton JE (ed) Tumors of domestic animals, 5th edn, Wiley Blackwell, Iowa, pp 356-424
  • Referans2Akkoc A, Nak D, Demirer A, Şimşek G (2017) Immunocharacterization of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in canine transmissible venereal tumors. Biotech Histochem 92:100-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2016.1259500
  • Referans3Akpınar E (2010) Malign plevral mezoteyomlarda doku mikroaray yöntemlerle immünohistokimyasal incelenmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye
  • Referans4Alzate JM, Montoya-Florez LM, Pérez JE, Rocha NS, Pedraza-Ordonez FJ (2019) The role of the multi-drug resistance 1, p53, b cell lymphoma 2, and bcl 2-associated X genes in the biologic behavior and chemotherapeutic resistance of canine transmissible venereal tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 48:730-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12805
  • Referans5Araújo MR, Preis IS, Lavalle GE, Cassali GD, Ecco R (2012) Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of 172 cutaneous round cell tumours in dogs. Pesq Vet Bras 32:772-780. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2012000800016
  • Referans6Astsaturov IA, Matutes E, Morilla R, Seon BK, Mason DY, Farahat N, Catovsky D (1996) Differential expression of B29 (CD79b) and mb-1 (CD79a) proteins in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 10:769 -773.
  • Referans7Ayala-Díaz S, Jiménez-Lima R, Ramírez-Alcántara KM, Lizano M, Castro-Muñoz LJ, Reyes-Hernández DO, Arroyo-Ledezma J, Manzo-Merino J (2019) Presence of Papillomavirus DNA sequences in the canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT). PeerJ 7:e7962. https://doi.org/ 10.7717/peerj.7962
  • Referans8Beverley PCL (1981) Anti-CD3 (T Cell). Eur J Immunol 11: 329-334.
  • Referans9Çeşme H, İpek V, Akkoç A, Salcı H (2015) Bir köpekte primer intranazal transmissible venereal tümör (TVT). Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med 34:85-88. https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.393266
  • Referans10Çizmeci SÜ, Köse AM, Aydın İ, Dinç DA, Maden M, Köse Sİ (2012) Transmissible venereal tümörlü dişi köpeklerde otojen aşı uygulaması. Eurasian J Vet Sci 28:220-223.
  • Referans11David EE, Rosalie E, George FM, Xiaowei X (2003) Benign pigmented lesions and malignant melanoma. In: David EE (ed): Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 715-804
  • Referans12Dinç DA (2005) Karnivorlarda infertilite In: Alaçam E (ed): Evcil hayvanlarda doğum ve infertilite. Medisan, Ankara, pp 331-336
  • Referans13Farjanikish G (2017) Morphoathological description of an extra genital canine transmissible venereal tumor. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ 43:74-76. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.266473
  • Referans14Gülbahar MY, Hazıroğlu R (1995) Bir köpekte ekstragenital metastazlı transmissible venereal tümör olgusu. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 42:441-445.
  • Referans15Marchal T, Chabanne L, Kaplanski C, Rigal D, Magnol JP (1997) Immunophenotype of the canine transmissible venereal tumour. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 57:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05757-1
  • Referans16Mascarenhas MB, Peixoto PV, Ramadinha RR, Yamasaki EM, Costa SZR, Driemeier D, Sonne L, França TN (2014) Immunohistochemical study of genital and extragenital forms of canine transmissible venereal tumor in Brazil. Pesq Vet Bras 34:250-254. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2014000300009
  • Referans17Mısırlıoğlu D, Seyrek İntaş K, Kahraman MM, Özyiğit MÖ, Cangül İT, Sevimli A, Büyükçoban M (1999) Canine transmissible venereal tümör (CTVT) olgularında paramunite aktivatörü baypamun n’in profilaksi ve sağaltım üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi – makroskobik bulgular. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 5:1-8.
  • Referans18Milner RJ (1996) Immunophenotypic classification of canine malignant lymphoma on formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue by means of CD3 and CD79a cell markers. OJVR 63:309-313.
  • Referans19Mukaratirwa S, Chimonyo M, Obwolo M, Gruys E, Nederbragt H (2004) Stromal cells and extracellular matrix components in spontaneous canine transmissible venereal tumour at different stages of growth. Histol Histopathol 19:1117-1123. https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-19.1117
  • Referans20Mukaratirwa S, Gruys E (2003) Canine transmissible venereal tumour: cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. A review. Vet Q 25:101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2003.9695151
  • Referans21Mozos E, Méndez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Martín De Las Mulas J, Pérez J (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Pathol 33:257-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589603300301
  • Referans22Nak D, Mısırlıoğlu D, Nak Y, Seyrek İntaş K, Tek HB (2004) Bir köpekte meme metastazlı transmissible venereal tümör olgusu. Vet Bil Derg 20:99-102.
  • Referans23Oguş E, Özmen Ö (2018) Immunohistochemical determination of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -7 expression in transmissible venereal tumor in dogs. MAE Vet Fak Derg 3:106-110. https://doi.org/10.24880/maeuvfd.481960
  • Referans24Oruç E, Sağlam YS, Cengiz M, Polat B (2011) Bir köpekte bulaşıcı venereal tümör meme metastazının ince iğne aspirasyonu ile sitolojik teşhisi ve vincristine sülfat ile tedavisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet Bil Derg 6:63-69.
  • Referans25Özenç E, Baki Acar D, Birdane MK, Bozkurt MF (2016) Bir köpekte prolapsus vajina ile birlikte gözlemlenen transmissible veneral tümör olgusu. Kocatepe Vet J 9:255-258. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.27798
  • Referans26Özyurtlu N, Bademkıran S, Ünver Ö, Yıldız F, İçen H (2008) Dişi bir köpekte transmissible venereal tümörün abdominal ve subkutan inguinal bölgeye metastazı. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 1:48-51.
  • Referans27Park MS, Kim Y, Kang MS, Oh SY, Cho DY, Shin NS, Kim DY (2006) Disseminated transmissible venereal tumor in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:130-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800123
  • Referans28Pereira JS, Silva AB, Martins AL, Ferreira AM, Brooks DE (2000) Immunohistochemical characterization of intraocular metastasis of a canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Ophthalmol 3:43-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00097.x
  • Referans29Pérez J, Day MJ, Mozos E (1998) Immunohistochemical study of the local inflammatory infiltrate in spontaneous canine transmissible venereal tumour at different stages of growth. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 64:133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00131-7
  • Referans30Pir Yağcı İ, Kalender H (2008) Bir erkek köpekte transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) olgusunun vincristine sulphate ile sağaltımı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 14:105-108.
  • Referans31Rosai J (1996) Gastrointestinal tract. In: Rosai J (ed), Ackerman's surgical pathology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 589-816
  • Referans32Sandusky GE, Carlton WW, Wightman KA (1987) Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of canine round cell tumors. Vet Pathol 24:495-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400604
  • Referans33Sandusky GE Jr, Carlton WW, Wightman KA (1985) Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein in the diagnosis of canine amelanotic melanoma. Vet Pathol 22:577-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588502200611
  • Referans34Sudjaidee P, Ponglowhapan S, Tummaruk P, Chatdarong K (2015) Factors affecting treatment outcome of canine transmissible venereal tumor: a retrospective study. Thai J Vet Med 45:535-541.
  • Referans35Tosun İ (2009) Gastrointestinal stromal tümörlerde immünohistokimyasal yöntemle saptanan P16 protein ekspresyonunun prognostik önemi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Haydar Paşa Numune Eğitim Araştırma Hastahanesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
  • Referans36Uçar M (2016) Transmissible venereal tumor: a review. Kocatepe Vet J 9:230-235. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.26524
  • Referans37Vermooten MI (1987) Canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT): a review. J S Afr Vet Assoc 58:147-150.
  • Referans38Yuan SM (2015) α-Smooth Muscle Actin and ACTA2 Gene Expressions in Vasculopathies. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 30:644-649. https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20150081

CD3, CD79αcy, Vimentin, α-Smooth Muscle Actin, S100 and Cytokeratin 5/6 Expression in Immunohistochemical Characterization of Dogs with Transmissible Venereal Tumors

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 54 - 61, 30.12.2020

Emin Karakurt , Mushap Kuru , Enver Beytut , Serpil Dağ , Hilmi Nuhoğlu , Murat Can Demir , Ayfer Yıldız , Cihan Kaçar

Öz

Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is highly contagious round cell tumor and its origin is unknown. In our study, we aimed to evaluate CD3, CD79αcy, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, s100 and cytokeratin 5/6 expressions immunohistochemically in order to reveal the cellular characterization of TVT. The material of this study consisted of ten dog tissue sections, six females and four males diagnosed with TVT. Tissue samples from dog were fixed in a 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. After routine tissue procedures follow-up, Hematoxylin & Eosin stain was applied to the sections and investigated under a light microscope. The smear prepared from tumor was examined with the Diff-quick method for cytologically. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the tissues using the avidin-biotin immune peroxidase complex method. Based on macroscopic, histopathological and cytological findings, we decided that the cases were TVT. All cases were negative for all markers except vimentin expression in round tumoral cells. The negative immunoreactivity of CD3, CD79αcy, α-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin 5/6 in tumor cells suggests that the origin of the tumor is not lymphocytic, smooth muscle cells or epithelial. Only the option of histiocytic origin remains.

Anahtar Kelimeler

dog immunophenotype transmissible venereal tumor

Kaynakça

  • Referans1Agnew DW, MacLachlan NJ (2017) Tumors of the genital systems. In : Moulton JE (ed) Tumors of domestic animals, 5th edn, Wiley Blackwell, Iowa, pp 356-424
  • Referans2Akkoc A, Nak D, Demirer A, Şimşek G (2017) Immunocharacterization of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in canine transmissible venereal tumors. Biotech Histochem 92:100-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2016.1259500
  • Referans3Akpınar E (2010) Malign plevral mezoteyomlarda doku mikroaray yöntemlerle immünohistokimyasal incelenmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye
  • Referans4Alzate JM, Montoya-Florez LM, Pérez JE, Rocha NS, Pedraza-Ordonez FJ (2019) The role of the multi-drug resistance 1, p53, b cell lymphoma 2, and bcl 2-associated X genes in the biologic behavior and chemotherapeutic resistance of canine transmissible venereal tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 48:730-739. https://doi.org/10.1111/vcp.12805
  • Referans5Araújo MR, Preis IS, Lavalle GE, Cassali GD, Ecco R (2012) Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of 172 cutaneous round cell tumours in dogs. Pesq Vet Bras 32:772-780. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2012000800016
  • Referans6Astsaturov IA, Matutes E, Morilla R, Seon BK, Mason DY, Farahat N, Catovsky D (1996) Differential expression of B29 (CD79b) and mb-1 (CD79a) proteins in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 10:769 -773.
  • Referans7Ayala-Díaz S, Jiménez-Lima R, Ramírez-Alcántara KM, Lizano M, Castro-Muñoz LJ, Reyes-Hernández DO, Arroyo-Ledezma J, Manzo-Merino J (2019) Presence of Papillomavirus DNA sequences in the canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT). PeerJ 7:e7962. https://doi.org/ 10.7717/peerj.7962
  • Referans8Beverley PCL (1981) Anti-CD3 (T Cell). Eur J Immunol 11: 329-334.
  • Referans9Çeşme H, İpek V, Akkoç A, Salcı H (2015) Bir köpekte primer intranazal transmissible venereal tümör (TVT). Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med 34:85-88. https://doi.org/10.30782/uluvfd.393266
  • Referans10Çizmeci SÜ, Köse AM, Aydın İ, Dinç DA, Maden M, Köse Sİ (2012) Transmissible venereal tümörlü dişi köpeklerde otojen aşı uygulaması. Eurasian J Vet Sci 28:220-223.
  • Referans11David EE, Rosalie E, George FM, Xiaowei X (2003) Benign pigmented lesions and malignant melanoma. In: David EE (ed): Lever’s Histopathology of the Skin. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 715-804
  • Referans12Dinç DA (2005) Karnivorlarda infertilite In: Alaçam E (ed): Evcil hayvanlarda doğum ve infertilite. Medisan, Ankara, pp 331-336
  • Referans13Farjanikish G (2017) Morphoathological description of an extra genital canine transmissible venereal tumor. J Fac Vet Med Istanbul Univ 43:74-76. https://doi.org/10.16988/iuvfd.266473
  • Referans14Gülbahar MY, Hazıroğlu R (1995) Bir köpekte ekstragenital metastazlı transmissible venereal tümör olgusu. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 42:441-445.
  • Referans15Marchal T, Chabanne L, Kaplanski C, Rigal D, Magnol JP (1997) Immunophenotype of the canine transmissible venereal tumour. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 57:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05757-1
  • Referans16Mascarenhas MB, Peixoto PV, Ramadinha RR, Yamasaki EM, Costa SZR, Driemeier D, Sonne L, França TN (2014) Immunohistochemical study of genital and extragenital forms of canine transmissible venereal tumor in Brazil. Pesq Vet Bras 34:250-254. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2014000300009
  • Referans17Mısırlıoğlu D, Seyrek İntaş K, Kahraman MM, Özyiğit MÖ, Cangül İT, Sevimli A, Büyükçoban M (1999) Canine transmissible venereal tümör (CTVT) olgularında paramunite aktivatörü baypamun n’in profilaksi ve sağaltım üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi – makroskobik bulgular. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 5:1-8.
  • Referans18Milner RJ (1996) Immunophenotypic classification of canine malignant lymphoma on formalin-fixed paraffin wax-embedded tissue by means of CD3 and CD79a cell markers. OJVR 63:309-313.
  • Referans19Mukaratirwa S, Chimonyo M, Obwolo M, Gruys E, Nederbragt H (2004) Stromal cells and extracellular matrix components in spontaneous canine transmissible venereal tumour at different stages of growth. Histol Histopathol 19:1117-1123. https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-19.1117
  • Referans20Mukaratirwa S, Gruys E (2003) Canine transmissible venereal tumour: cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. A review. Vet Q 25:101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2003.9695151
  • Referans21Mozos E, Méndez A, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Martín De Las Mulas J, Pérez J (1996) Immunohistochemical characterization of canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Pathol 33:257-263. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589603300301
  • Referans22Nak D, Mısırlıoğlu D, Nak Y, Seyrek İntaş K, Tek HB (2004) Bir köpekte meme metastazlı transmissible venereal tümör olgusu. Vet Bil Derg 20:99-102.
  • Referans23Oguş E, Özmen Ö (2018) Immunohistochemical determination of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -7 expression in transmissible venereal tumor in dogs. MAE Vet Fak Derg 3:106-110. https://doi.org/10.24880/maeuvfd.481960
  • Referans24Oruç E, Sağlam YS, Cengiz M, Polat B (2011) Bir köpekte bulaşıcı venereal tümör meme metastazının ince iğne aspirasyonu ile sitolojik teşhisi ve vincristine sülfat ile tedavisi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet Bil Derg 6:63-69.
  • Referans25Özenç E, Baki Acar D, Birdane MK, Bozkurt MF (2016) Bir köpekte prolapsus vajina ile birlikte gözlemlenen transmissible veneral tümör olgusu. Kocatepe Vet J 9:255-258. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.27798
  • Referans26Özyurtlu N, Bademkıran S, Ünver Ö, Yıldız F, İçen H (2008) Dişi bir köpekte transmissible venereal tümörün abdominal ve subkutan inguinal bölgeye metastazı. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 1:48-51.
  • Referans27Park MS, Kim Y, Kang MS, Oh SY, Cho DY, Shin NS, Kim DY (2006) Disseminated transmissible venereal tumor in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:130-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870601800123
  • Referans28Pereira JS, Silva AB, Martins AL, Ferreira AM, Brooks DE (2000) Immunohistochemical characterization of intraocular metastasis of a canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Ophthalmol 3:43-47. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-5224.2000.00097.x
  • Referans29Pérez J, Day MJ, Mozos E (1998) Immunohistochemical study of the local inflammatory infiltrate in spontaneous canine transmissible venereal tumour at different stages of growth. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 64:133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00131-7
  • Referans30Pir Yağcı İ, Kalender H (2008) Bir erkek köpekte transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) olgusunun vincristine sulphate ile sağaltımı. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 14:105-108.
  • Referans31Rosai J (1996) Gastrointestinal tract. In: Rosai J (ed), Ackerman's surgical pathology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 589-816
  • Referans32Sandusky GE, Carlton WW, Wightman KA (1987) Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of canine round cell tumors. Vet Pathol 24:495-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400604
  • Referans33Sandusky GE Jr, Carlton WW, Wightman KA (1985) Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein in the diagnosis of canine amelanotic melanoma. Vet Pathol 22:577-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588502200611
  • Referans34Sudjaidee P, Ponglowhapan S, Tummaruk P, Chatdarong K (2015) Factors affecting treatment outcome of canine transmissible venereal tumor: a retrospective study. Thai J Vet Med 45:535-541.
  • Referans35Tosun İ (2009) Gastrointestinal stromal tümörlerde immünohistokimyasal yöntemle saptanan P16 protein ekspresyonunun prognostik önemi. Uzmanlık Tezi, Haydar Paşa Numune Eğitim Araştırma Hastahanesi, İstanbul, Türkiye
  • Referans36Uçar M (2016) Transmissible venereal tumor: a review. Kocatepe Vet J 9:230-235. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.26524
  • Referans37Vermooten MI (1987) Canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVT): a review. J S Afr Vet Assoc 58:147-150.
  • Referans38Yuan SM (2015) α-Smooth Muscle Actin and ACTA2 Gene Expressions in Vasculopathies. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 30:644-649. https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20150081
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emin Karakurt 0000-0003-2019-3690

Mushap Kuru 0000-0003-4409-251X

Enver Beytut 0000-0003-3360-2940

Serpil Dağ 0000-0001-7667-689X

Hilmi Nuhoğlu 0000-0003-2530-2542

Murat Can Demir 0000-0002-3803-069X

Ayfer Yıldız 0000-0002-6569-5435

Cihan Kaçar 0000-0002-2642-697X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakurt, E., Kuru, M., Beytut, E., Dağ, S., vd. (2020). CD3, CD79αcy, Vimentin, α-Smooth Muscle Actin, S100 and Cytokeratin 5/6 Expression in Immunohistochemical Characterization of Dogs with Transmissible Venereal Tumors. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 2(2), 54-61.
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