Abstract
Amaç: Ventriküler repolarizasyonun önemli bir bileşeni olan ST segmenti, ventriküler depolarizasyonun sonu ile ventriküler repolarizasyonun başlangıcı arasındaki süreyi kapsamaktadır. Köpeklerde ST segment elevasyonu miyokardiyal hipoksi, transmural miyokard enfarktüs, perikardiyal efüzyon kaynaklı şekillenebilirken depresyonu miyokardiyal hipoksi, hiperkalemi, hipokalemi, subendokardiyal miyokard enfarktüsü veya digoksin toksisitesinden kaynaklanabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda kliniklerimize kalp ve dolaşım yetmezliğine ait bulgularla getirilen olguların ST segment elevasyonu veya depresyonu varlığının retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Her iki cinsiyetten, farklı ırk ve yaştan 104 köpekte elektrokardiyografi (EKG) işlemi gerçekleştirildi. Tüm köpeklerde EKG işlemi, köpekler sağ lateral yatış pozisyonundayken manuel tutularak gerçekleştirildi. Bu işlem için hiçbir hayvanda anestezi işlemi yapılmadı ve hayvanların sakin kalması sağlandı. EKG ölçümleri cihaz aracılığıyla kaydedildi. Bulgular: 104 köpeğin 12 tanesi sağlıklı kontrol kapsamında değerlendirilirken, 3 tanesinde ST depresyonu ve 1 tanesinde de ST elevasyonu belirlendi. ST depresyonu belirlenenlerde ST amplitüdü -0.2, -0.21, -0.2 mV ölçülürken ST elevasyonu belirlenen hastada ST amplitüdü +0.15 mV şeklinde kayıt edildi. Sağlıklı köpeklerde ST amplitüdü ortalama -0.0325 mV şeklinde bulundu. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, kliniğe başvuran köpeklerde ST segment değişikliklerinin belirlenmesinde elektrokardiyografinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecekteki çalışmalarda, bu bulguların klinik değerlendirme sürecine nasıl entegre edilebileceği ve bu değişikliklerin kalp ve dolaşım sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılması için daha fazla araştırma yapılması önerilebilir.
Ethical Statement
Bu çalışma ADÜ-Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel etik Kurul (HADYEK') u tarafından 64583101/2013/060 sayı ile onaylanmıştır.
Supporting Institution
-
Project Number
-
Thanks
-
References
- Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L., & Syme, H. M. (2020). ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Japanese Association of Veterinary Nephrology and Urology, 12(1), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.24678/javnu.12.1_30
- Agudelo, C. F., & Schanilec, P. (2015). The canine J wave. Veterinární Medicína, 60(4), 208. Chugh SN & Chugh K. (2012). Myocardial infarction. In: Textbook of Clinical Electrocardiography. (3rd ed., pp. 193-210). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd.
- Cortadellas, O., del Palacio, M. J. F., Bayón, A., Albert, A., & Talavera, J. (2006). Systemic hypertension in dogs with leishmaniasis: prevalence and clinical consequences. Journal of Veterinary İnternal Medicine, 20(4), 941-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01809.x
- Ezaki, K., Nakagawa, M., Taniguchi, Y., Nagano, Y., Teshima, Y., Yufu, K., Takahashi, N., Nomura, T., Satoh, F., Mimata, H., & Saikawa, T. (2010). Gender Differences in the ST Segment–Effect of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy and Possible Role of Testosterone–. Circulation Journal, 74(11), 2448-2454. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0221
- Khurana, A., Kumar, A., Sharma, S.K., & Kumar, A. (2014). Electrocardiographic and hemato-biochemical effects of two balanced anesthetic protocols in dogs. Veterinary World, 7(10), 2231-916. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.835-841
- Klabunde, R. E. (2017). Cardiac electrophysiology: normal and ischemic ionic currents and the ECG. Advances in Physiology Education, 41(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00105.2016
- Lucaci, L. (2022). ST Segment Elevation. Romanian Journal of Cardiology, 32(2), 47-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rjc-2022-0014
- Perego, M., Skert, S., & Santilli, R. A. (2014). Analysis of the atrial repolarization wave in dogs with third-degree atrioventricular block. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 75(1), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.1.54
- Rautaharju, P. M., Surawicz, B., & Gettes, L. S. (2009). AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 119(10):241- 250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.014
- Romito, G., Castagna, P., Pelle, N. G., Testa, F., Sabetti, M. C., & Cipone, M. (2022). Retrospective evaluation of the ST segment electrocardiographic features in 180 healthy dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 63(10), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13532
- Santilli, R., Moïse, N. S., Pariaut, R., & Perego, M. (2018a). Formation and interpretation of the electrocardiographic waves. In: Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat: Diagnosis of Arrhythmias (2nd ed., pp. 51-52). Edra SpA.
- Santilli, R., Moïse, S. N., & Pariaut, R. (2018b). Electrocardiographic changes secondary to systemic disorders and drugs. In: Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat: Diagnosis of Arrhythmias (2nd ed., pp. 314). Milan, Italy: Edra.
- Surawicz, B., & Parikh, S. R. (2002). Prevalence of male and female patterns of early ventricular repolarization in the normal ECG of males and females from childhood to old age. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40(10), 1870-1876.
- Tilley, L.P. (1992a) Principles of electrocardiographic recording. In: Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography: Interpretation and Treatment (3rd ed., pp.21-39). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Tilley, L.P. (1992b). Analysis of canine P-QRS-T deflections. In: Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography: Interpretation and Treatment (3rd ed., pp. 55-59). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Yılmaz, A. & Kocatürk, M. (2010). Köpek ve Kedilerde Elektrokardiyografi (1st ed., pp. 135-136). Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
Abstract
Objective: The ST segment, an important component of ventricular repolarization, covers the period between the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization. In dogs, ST segment elevation can be caused by myocardial hypoxia, transmural myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion, while its depression can be caused by myocardial hypoxia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, subendocardial myocardial infarction or digoxin toxicity. Within this scope, the retrospective evaluation of the presence of ST segment elevation or depression in cases presented to our clinics with signs of heart and circulatory failure was aimed. Materials and Methods: Electrocardiography (ECG) was performed in 104 dogs of both sexes, different breeds and ages. In all dogs, ECG was performed manually while the dogs were in the right lateral recumbent position. No animal was anesthetized for this procedure and the animals were kept calm. ECG measurements were recorded by the device. Results: Among the 104 dogs, 12 were evaluated within the scope of healthy controls, while ST depression was identified in 3 and ST elevation in 1. ST amplitude was -0.2, -0.21, -0.2 mV in patients with ST depression and +0.15 mV in patients with ST elevation. In healthy dogs, the mean ST amplitude was -0.0325 mV. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the importance of electrocardiography in detecting ST segment changes in dogs presenting to clinics. Future research may focus on integrating these findings into the clinical evaluation process and further investigating the effects of these changes on heart and circulatory health.
Project Number
-
References
- Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L., & Syme, H. M. (2020). ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of Japanese Association of Veterinary Nephrology and Urology, 12(1), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.24678/javnu.12.1_30
- Agudelo, C. F., & Schanilec, P. (2015). The canine J wave. Veterinární Medicína, 60(4), 208. Chugh SN & Chugh K. (2012). Myocardial infarction. In: Textbook of Clinical Electrocardiography. (3rd ed., pp. 193-210). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Ltd.
- Cortadellas, O., del Palacio, M. J. F., Bayón, A., Albert, A., & Talavera, J. (2006). Systemic hypertension in dogs with leishmaniasis: prevalence and clinical consequences. Journal of Veterinary İnternal Medicine, 20(4), 941-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01809.x
- Ezaki, K., Nakagawa, M., Taniguchi, Y., Nagano, Y., Teshima, Y., Yufu, K., Takahashi, N., Nomura, T., Satoh, F., Mimata, H., & Saikawa, T. (2010). Gender Differences in the ST Segment–Effect of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy and Possible Role of Testosterone–. Circulation Journal, 74(11), 2448-2454. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-10-0221
- Khurana, A., Kumar, A., Sharma, S.K., & Kumar, A. (2014). Electrocardiographic and hemato-biochemical effects of two balanced anesthetic protocols in dogs. Veterinary World, 7(10), 2231-916. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2014.835-841
- Klabunde, R. E. (2017). Cardiac electrophysiology: normal and ischemic ionic currents and the ECG. Advances in Physiology Education, 41(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00105.2016
- Lucaci, L. (2022). ST Segment Elevation. Romanian Journal of Cardiology, 32(2), 47-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rjc-2022-0014
- Perego, M., Skert, S., & Santilli, R. A. (2014). Analysis of the atrial repolarization wave in dogs with third-degree atrioventricular block. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 75(1), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.75.1.54
- Rautaharju, P. M., Surawicz, B., & Gettes, L. S. (2009). AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 119(10):241- 250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.014
- Romito, G., Castagna, P., Pelle, N. G., Testa, F., Sabetti, M. C., & Cipone, M. (2022). Retrospective evaluation of the ST segment electrocardiographic features in 180 healthy dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 63(10), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13532
- Santilli, R., Moïse, N. S., Pariaut, R., & Perego, M. (2018a). Formation and interpretation of the electrocardiographic waves. In: Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat: Diagnosis of Arrhythmias (2nd ed., pp. 51-52). Edra SpA.
- Santilli, R., Moïse, S. N., & Pariaut, R. (2018b). Electrocardiographic changes secondary to systemic disorders and drugs. In: Electrocardiography of the Dog and Cat: Diagnosis of Arrhythmias (2nd ed., pp. 314). Milan, Italy: Edra.
- Surawicz, B., & Parikh, S. R. (2002). Prevalence of male and female patterns of early ventricular repolarization in the normal ECG of males and females from childhood to old age. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40(10), 1870-1876.
- Tilley, L.P. (1992a) Principles of electrocardiographic recording. In: Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography: Interpretation and Treatment (3rd ed., pp.21-39). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Tilley, L.P. (1992b). Analysis of canine P-QRS-T deflections. In: Essentials of Canine and Feline Electrocardiography: Interpretation and Treatment (3rd ed., pp. 55-59). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Yılmaz, A. & Kocatürk, M. (2010). Köpek ve Kedilerde Elektrokardiyografi (1st ed., pp. 135-136). Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Diagnosis and Diagnostics |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | - |
| Early Pub Date | December 28, 2024 |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2024 |
| Submission Date | April 3, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | October 10, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024Volume: 6 Issue: 2 |
