Kene Felci (Etiyoloji, Epidemiyoloji, Patofizyoloji, Klinik Tablo, Teşhis, Tedavi ve Korunma)

Kürşat Altay; Ömer Faruk Şahin

Research Article

Tick Paralysis (Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Picture, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 17 - 23, 13.07.2020

Kürşat Altay , Ömer Faruk Şahin

Abstract

Ticks are blood-fed ectoparasites of the Arachnid class with a broad spectrum of hosts, including humans. Ticks have direct parasitic effects on their hosts and vectors for many pathogens. Although tick salivation is vital to complete of the tick's life cycle, the shaping of its parasitic effect also enables the transport of many pathogens to suitable hosts. However, neurotoxins in the salivary glands of some tick species cause the formation of a paralysis called tick paralysis in their hosts. Recently tick paralysis cases have increased, especially in humans and dogs. The aim of this review is to evaluate the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment approach and prevention strategies of tick paralysis in humans and animals in the light of relevant literature

Keywords

Tick paralysis, current developments, blood-fed

References

Barker SC, Murrell A, Bowman AS, Nuttall PA (2008) Ticks: biology, disease and control. Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1-39.
Brazier I, Kelman M, Ward MP (2014) The association between landscape and climate and reported tick paralysis cases in dogs and cats in Australia. Vet Parasit 204:339-345.
Burke MS, Fordham LA, Hamrick HJ (2005) Ticks and tick paralysis: imaging findings on cranial MR. Pediatr Radiol 35(2):206-8.
Camicas JL, Hervy JP, Adam F, Morel PC (1998) The ticks of the world (Acarida, Ixodida). Nomenclature, described stages, hosts, distribution (including new species described before 1/01/96). Paris: Orstom Éditions, 233 pp.
Chomel BB, Wey AC, Kasten RW (2003) Isolation of Bartonella washoensis from a dog with mitral valve endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 41(11):5327-32.
Cooper BJ (1976) Studies on the pathogenesis of tick paralysis [PhD thesis]. Sidney: Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney.
Daugherty RJ, Posner JC, Henretig FM, McHugh LA, Tan CG (2005) Tick paralysis: atypical presentation, unusual location. Pediatr Emerg Care 21(10):677–80.
Diaz JH (2010) A 60-year meta-analysis of tick paralysis in the United States: a predictable, preventable, and often misdiagnosed poisoning. J Med Toxicol 6(1):15-21.
Doube BM (1975) Cattle and the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. Aust Vet J 51:511‐515.
Due Ch, Fox W, Medlock JM, et al. (2013) Tick bite prevention and tick removal. BMJ 347:7123.
Dworkin MS, Shoemaker PC, Anderson DE (1999) Tick paralysis: 33 human cases in Washington State, 1946-1996. Clin Infect Dis 29(6):1435-9.
Edlow JA, Daniel C, Mc Gillicuddy (2008) Infectious disease clinics of North America. Tick paralysis 22.3:397-413.
Engin A, Elaldi N, Bolayir E, et al. (2006) Tick paralysis with atypical presentation: isolated, reversible involvement of the upper trunk of brachial plexus. Emerg Med J 23(7):42.
Felz MW, Smith CD, Swift TR (2000) A six-year-old girl with tick paralysis. N Engl J Med 342(2):90-4.
Francischetti IM, Sa-Nunes A, Mans BJ, Santos IM, Ribeiro JM (2009) The role of saliva in tick feeding. Front Biosci 14:2051–2088.
Gordon BM, Giza CC (2004) Tick paralysis presenting in an urban environment. Pediatr Neurol 30(2):122-4.
Grattan-Smith PJ, Morris JG, Johnston HM, et al. (1997) Clinical and neurophysiological features of tick paralysis. Brain 120(11):1975-1987.
Greenstein P (2002) Tick paralysis. Med Clin North Am 86(2):441–6.
Hall-Mendelin S, Craig SB, Hall RA, et al. (2011) Tick paralysis in Australia caused by Ixodes holocyclus Neumann. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 105(2):95-106.
Inokuma H, Takahata H, Fournier PE, et al. (2003) Tick paralysis by Ixodes holocyclus in a Japanese traveler returning from Australia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990:357–8.
Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks. Parasitology 129:3–14.
Kaire GH (1966) Isolation of tick paralysis toxin from Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon 4:91–97.
Keirans JE (1992) Systematics of the Ixodida (Argasidae, Ixodidae, Nuttalliellidae): an overview and some problems. In Tick Vector Biology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg pp 1-21
Keirans JE, Robbins RG (1999) A world checklist of genera, subgenera, and species of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) published from 1973-1997.
Laufer CB, Chiota-McCollum N (2015) A Case of Subacute Ataxia in the Summertime: Tick Paralysis. J Gen Intern Med 30(8):1225-7.
Li Z, Turner RP (2004) Pediatric tick paralysis: discussion of two cases and literature review. Pediatr Neurol 31(4):304-7.
Malik R, Farrow BR (1991) Tick paralysis in North America and Australia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21(1):157–71.
Mans BJ, Gothe R, Neitz AW (2004) Biochemical perspectives on paralysis and other forms of toxicoses caused by ticks. Parasitology 129(supplement):95–111.
Maritz C, Louw AI, Gothe R, et al. (2001) Neuropathogenic properties of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae larval homogenates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 128(2):233-9.
Masina S, Broady KW (1999) Tick paralysis: development of a vaccine. Int. J. Parasitol 29(4):535–541.
Melissa LC (2008) Neuromuscular Emergencies, Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 9:88-95.
Nicholson WL, Sonenshine DE, Lane RS, Uilenberg G (2009) Ticks (Ixodida). Mullen GR, Durden LA, editors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. London: Academic Press, Elsevier 493-542.
Nowak-Chmura M, Siuda K (2012) Ticks of Poland. Review of contemporary issues and latest research. Ann Parasitol, 58(3):125-155.
Ong CT, Rodriguez-Valle M, Moolhuijzen PM, Barrero RA, Hunter A, Szabo T, Bellgard MI, Lew-Tabor AE (2016) Exploring the transcriptomic data of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. GSTF J. Vet. Sci, 3. https://doi.org/10.5176/2345-7880_5173.5171.5114.
Pearn J (1977) The clinical features of tick bite. Med J 2(10):313–8.
Pek CH, Cheong CS, Yap YL, et al. (2016) Rare Cause of Facial Palsy: Case Report of Tick Paralysis by Ixodes Holocyclus Imported by a Patient Travelling into Singapore from Australia. J Emerg Med 51(5):109-114.
Ribeiro JM, Anderson JM, Manoukis NC, Meng Z, Francischetti IM (2011) A further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum. BMC Genomics 12:136.
Rodriguez-Valle M et al. (2018) Transcriptome and toxin family analysis of the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. International journal for parasitology 48:71-82.
Rodriguez-Valle M, Lew-Tabor AE, Gondro C, Moolhuijzen P, Vance M, Guerrero FD, Bellgard M, Jorgensen W (2010) Comparative microarray analysis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus expression profiles of larvae preattachment and feeding adult female stages on Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. BMC Genomics 11:47.
Rose I (1954) A review of tick paralysis. Can Med Assoc J 70(2):175–6.
Schmitt N, Bowmer EJ, Gregson JD (1969) Tick paralysis in British Columbia. Can Med Assoc J 100(9):417–21.
Schull DN, Litster AL, Atwell RB (2007) Tick toxicity in cats caused by Ixodes species in Australia: a review of published literature. J Feline Med Surg 9:487‐493.
Sloan CA (1968) Mortality in sheep due to Ixodes species. Aust Vet J 44:527.
Sonenshine DE (1991) Biology of ticks, Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 3–26.
Stone BF (1986) Toxicoses induced by ticks and reptiles in domestic animals. In: Harris JB, editor. Natural toxins. Oxford: Oxford University Press 56-71.
Stone BF (1988) Tick paralysis, particularly involving Ixodes holocyclus and other Ixodes species. In: Harris KF, editor. Advances in disease vector research, Vol. 5. New York: Springer-Verlag 61–85.
Stone BF, Commins MA, Kemp, DH (1983) Artificial feeding of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus and collection of paralysing toxin. Int. J. Parasitol 13:447–454.
Taraschenko OD, Powers KM (2014) Neurotoxin-induced paralysis: a case of tick paralysis in a 2-year old child. Pediatr Neurol 50(6):605-7.
Thurn MJ, Gooley A, Broady KW (1992) Identification of the neurotoxin from the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, In: Gopalakrishnakone, P., Tan, C.K.Zˇ (Ed.), Recent Advances in Toxinology Research. Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore, Singapore 243–56.
Trumpp KM, Parsley AL, Lewis MJ, Camp Jr JW, Taylor SD (2019) Presumptive tick paralysis in 2 American Miniature horses in the United States. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 33(4): 1784-8.
Vink S, Daly NL, Steen N, Craik DJ, Alewood PF (2014) Holocyclotoxin-1, a cystine knot toxin from Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon 90:308–17. Walker BJ, Keirans JE, Horak IG (2000) The genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): aguide to the brown ticks of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Webster R, Haskins S, Mackay B (2012) Management of respiratory failure from tick paralysis. Aust Vet J 91:499–504.
Westwood M, Emery D, Dhand N (2013) Clinical presentation and treatment of tick paralysis in dogs and cats in Sydney (2001–2010). Aust Vet J 91:491-498.

Kene Felci (Etiyoloji, Epidemiyoloji, Patofizyoloji, Klinik Tablo, Teşhis, Tedavi ve Korunma)

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 17 - 23, 13.07.2020

Kürşat Altay , Ömer Faruk Şahin

Abstract

Keneler insanı da içine alan geniş bir konakçı spekturumuna sahip, Arachnida sınıfına bağlı kan ile beslenen ektoparazitlerdir. Keneler konakları üzerine direk parazitik etkileye sahip olduğu gibi bir çok patojen için vektörlük yapmaktadırlar. Kene tükürük salgısı kenenin biyolojik zincirinin tamamlaması için hayati öneme sahip olmakla birlikte, parazitik etkisinin şekillenmesi ayrıca patojenlerin duyarlı konaklara taşınmasını da sağlar. Bununla birlikte bazı kene türlerinin tükürük salgısında bulunan nörotoksinler konaklarında kene felci adı verilen felç tablosunun oluşumuna yol açmaktadır. Son yıllarda özellikle insan ve köpeklerde kene felci vakalarının artığı görülmektedir. Bu derlemede konu ile ilgili literatürler ışığında insan ve hayvanlarda kene felcinin etiyolojisi, epidemiyolojisi, patofizyolojisi, gelişen klinik tablo, teşhis, tedavi yaklaşımı ve korunma stratejilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Kene felci, Etiyoloji, Epidemiyoloji, Patofizyoloji, Klinik, Teşhis, Tedavi, Korunma

References

Barker SC, Murrell A, Bowman AS, Nuttall PA (2008) Ticks: biology, disease and control. Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1-39.
Brazier I, Kelman M, Ward MP (2014) The association between landscape and climate and reported tick paralysis cases in dogs and cats in Australia. Vet Parasit 204:339-345.
Burke MS, Fordham LA, Hamrick HJ (2005) Ticks and tick paralysis: imaging findings on cranial MR. Pediatr Radiol 35(2):206-8.
Camicas JL, Hervy JP, Adam F, Morel PC (1998) The ticks of the world (Acarida, Ixodida). Nomenclature, described stages, hosts, distribution (including new species described before 1/01/96). Paris: Orstom Éditions, 233 pp.
Chomel BB, Wey AC, Kasten RW (2003) Isolation of Bartonella washoensis from a dog with mitral valve endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 41(11):5327-32.
Cooper BJ (1976) Studies on the pathogenesis of tick paralysis [PhD thesis]. Sidney: Veterinary Sciences, University of Sydney.
Daugherty RJ, Posner JC, Henretig FM, McHugh LA, Tan CG (2005) Tick paralysis: atypical presentation, unusual location. Pediatr Emerg Care 21(10):677–80.
Diaz JH (2010) A 60-year meta-analysis of tick paralysis in the United States: a predictable, preventable, and often misdiagnosed poisoning. J Med Toxicol 6(1):15-21.
Doube BM (1975) Cattle and the paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. Aust Vet J 51:511‐515.
Due Ch, Fox W, Medlock JM, et al. (2013) Tick bite prevention and tick removal. BMJ 347:7123.
Dworkin MS, Shoemaker PC, Anderson DE (1999) Tick paralysis: 33 human cases in Washington State, 1946-1996. Clin Infect Dis 29(6):1435-9.
Edlow JA, Daniel C, Mc Gillicuddy (2008) Infectious disease clinics of North America. Tick paralysis 22.3:397-413.
Engin A, Elaldi N, Bolayir E, et al. (2006) Tick paralysis with atypical presentation: isolated, reversible involvement of the upper trunk of brachial plexus. Emerg Med J 23(7):42.
Felz MW, Smith CD, Swift TR (2000) A six-year-old girl with tick paralysis. N Engl J Med 342(2):90-4.
Francischetti IM, Sa-Nunes A, Mans BJ, Santos IM, Ribeiro JM (2009) The role of saliva in tick feeding. Front Biosci 14:2051–2088.
Gordon BM, Giza CC (2004) Tick paralysis presenting in an urban environment. Pediatr Neurol 30(2):122-4.
Grattan-Smith PJ, Morris JG, Johnston HM, et al. (1997) Clinical and neurophysiological features of tick paralysis. Brain 120(11):1975-1987.
Greenstein P (2002) Tick paralysis. Med Clin North Am 86(2):441–6.
Hall-Mendelin S, Craig SB, Hall RA, et al. (2011) Tick paralysis in Australia caused by Ixodes holocyclus Neumann. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 105(2):95-106.
Inokuma H, Takahata H, Fournier PE, et al. (2003) Tick paralysis by Ixodes holocyclus in a Japanese traveler returning from Australia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990:357–8.
Jongejan F, Uilenberg G (2004) The global importance of ticks. Parasitology 129:3–14.
Kaire GH (1966) Isolation of tick paralysis toxin from Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon 4:91–97.
Keirans JE (1992) Systematics of the Ixodida (Argasidae, Ixodidae, Nuttalliellidae): an overview and some problems. In Tick Vector Biology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg pp 1-21
Keirans JE, Robbins RG (1999) A world checklist of genera, subgenera, and species of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) published from 1973-1997.
Laufer CB, Chiota-McCollum N (2015) A Case of Subacute Ataxia in the Summertime: Tick Paralysis. J Gen Intern Med 30(8):1225-7.
Li Z, Turner RP (2004) Pediatric tick paralysis: discussion of two cases and literature review. Pediatr Neurol 31(4):304-7.
Malik R, Farrow BR (1991) Tick paralysis in North America and Australia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21(1):157–71.
Mans BJ, Gothe R, Neitz AW (2004) Biochemical perspectives on paralysis and other forms of toxicoses caused by ticks. Parasitology 129(supplement):95–111.
Maritz C, Louw AI, Gothe R, et al. (2001) Neuropathogenic properties of Argas (Persicargas) walkerae larval homogenates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 128(2):233-9.
Masina S, Broady KW (1999) Tick paralysis: development of a vaccine. Int. J. Parasitol 29(4):535–541.
Melissa LC (2008) Neuromuscular Emergencies, Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 9:88-95.
Nicholson WL, Sonenshine DE, Lane RS, Uilenberg G (2009) Ticks (Ixodida). Mullen GR, Durden LA, editors. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. London: Academic Press, Elsevier 493-542.
Nowak-Chmura M, Siuda K (2012) Ticks of Poland. Review of contemporary issues and latest research. Ann Parasitol, 58(3):125-155.
Ong CT, Rodriguez-Valle M, Moolhuijzen PM, Barrero RA, Hunter A, Szabo T, Bellgard MI, Lew-Tabor AE (2016) Exploring the transcriptomic data of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. GSTF J. Vet. Sci, 3. https://doi.org/10.5176/2345-7880_5173.5171.5114.
Pearn J (1977) The clinical features of tick bite. Med J 2(10):313–8.
Pek CH, Cheong CS, Yap YL, et al. (2016) Rare Cause of Facial Palsy: Case Report of Tick Paralysis by Ixodes Holocyclus Imported by a Patient Travelling into Singapore from Australia. J Emerg Med 51(5):109-114.
Ribeiro JM, Anderson JM, Manoukis NC, Meng Z, Francischetti IM (2011) A further insight into the sialome of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum. BMC Genomics 12:136.
Rodriguez-Valle M et al. (2018) Transcriptome and toxin family analysis of the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. International journal for parasitology 48:71-82.
Rodriguez-Valle M, Lew-Tabor AE, Gondro C, Moolhuijzen P, Vance M, Guerrero FD, Bellgard M, Jorgensen W (2010) Comparative microarray analysis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus expression profiles of larvae preattachment and feeding adult female stages on Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. BMC Genomics 11:47.
Rose I (1954) A review of tick paralysis. Can Med Assoc J 70(2):175–6.
Schmitt N, Bowmer EJ, Gregson JD (1969) Tick paralysis in British Columbia. Can Med Assoc J 100(9):417–21.
Schull DN, Litster AL, Atwell RB (2007) Tick toxicity in cats caused by Ixodes species in Australia: a review of published literature. J Feline Med Surg 9:487‐493.
Sloan CA (1968) Mortality in sheep due to Ixodes species. Aust Vet J 44:527.
Sonenshine DE (1991) Biology of ticks, Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 3–26.
Stone BF (1986) Toxicoses induced by ticks and reptiles in domestic animals. In: Harris JB, editor. Natural toxins. Oxford: Oxford University Press 56-71.
Stone BF (1988) Tick paralysis, particularly involving Ixodes holocyclus and other Ixodes species. In: Harris KF, editor. Advances in disease vector research, Vol. 5. New York: Springer-Verlag 61–85.
Stone BF, Commins MA, Kemp, DH (1983) Artificial feeding of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus and collection of paralysing toxin. Int. J. Parasitol 13:447–454.
Taraschenko OD, Powers KM (2014) Neurotoxin-induced paralysis: a case of tick paralysis in a 2-year old child. Pediatr Neurol 50(6):605-7.
Thurn MJ, Gooley A, Broady KW (1992) Identification of the neurotoxin from the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, In: Gopalakrishnakone, P., Tan, C.K.Zˇ (Ed.), Recent Advances in Toxinology Research. Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore, Singapore 243–56.
Trumpp KM, Parsley AL, Lewis MJ, Camp Jr JW, Taylor SD (2019) Presumptive tick paralysis in 2 American Miniature horses in the United States. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 33(4): 1784-8.
Vink S, Daly NL, Steen N, Craik DJ, Alewood PF (2014) Holocyclotoxin-1, a cystine knot toxin from Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon 90:308–17. Walker BJ, Keirans JE, Horak IG (2000) The genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae): aguide to the brown ticks of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Webster R, Haskins S, Mackay B (2012) Management of respiratory failure from tick paralysis. Aust Vet J 91:499–504.
Westwood M, Emery D, Dhand N (2013) Clinical presentation and treatment of tick paralysis in dogs and cats in Sydney (2001–2010). Aust Vet J 91:491-498.

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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section	Review
Authors	Kürşat Altay 0000-0002-5288-1239 Ömer Faruk Şahin 0000-0002-3230-504X
Publication Date	July 13, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2020Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Altay, K., & Şahin, Ö. F. (2020). Kene Felci (Etiyoloji, Epidemiyoloji, Patofizyoloji, Klinik Tablo, Teşhis, Tedavi ve Korunma). Turkish Veterinary Journal, 2(1), 17-23.

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