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Diagnostic Approach to Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 61 - 70, 31.12.2024

Perihan Eke , Bilge Kaan Ünal , Uğur Aydoğdu , Ersoy Baydar

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1570012

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical examinations, urinalysis, as well as radiographic and ultrasonographic assessments of cats presented to the Internal Medicine Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Balıkesir University with complaints of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The study material consisted of 22 cats of various breeds, ages, and genders that exhibited signs of FLUTD. The cats were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of obstruction. It was determined that both obstructive and non-obstructive FLUTD cases were frequently observed in domestic shorthair and Scottish Fold breeds, with struvite crystalluria being the most common finding in obstructive cases, and that obstructive FLUTD occurred more frequently in male cats compared to females. In hematological analyses of non-obstructive FLUTD cases, only the MCHC value was found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to obstructive FLUTD cases. In obstructive FLUTD cats, RBC levels were found to be elevated compared to the reference range for healthy cats. Serum BUN, TP, and globulin levels were elevated in both obstructive and non-obstructive FLUTD cases compared to the reference values for healthy cats. In obstructive FLUTD cats, serum P and creatinine levels were higher than the reference values for healthy cats, with creatinine levels being significantly elevated (p<0.05) compared to non-obstructive FLUTD cases. In conclusion, it was determined that the combined evaluation of hematological and biochemical blood analyses, along with the physical, chemical, and microscopic analyses of urine, as well as radiological and ultrasonographic examinations, is essential in the diagnosis of both obstructive and non-obstructive FLUTD in cats.

Keywords

Biochemistry Cat Hematology Urine Urolithiasis

References

  • Adin, C. A., Herrgesell, E. J., Nyland, T. G., Hughes, J. M., Gregory, C. R., Kyles, A. E., Cowgill, L. D., & Ling, G. V. (2003). Antegrade pyelography for suspected ureteral obstruction in cats: 11 cases (1995–2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 222(11), 1576–1581.
  • Albasan, H., Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., & Sancak, A. (2013). Urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Turkish Clinical Journal of Veterinary Science, 4(1), 39-52.
  • Albasan, H., Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., Ulrich, L. K., & Koehler, L. A. (2012). Effects of storage in formalin on composition of canine and feline uroliths. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241(12), 1613–1616. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.12.1613
  • Barger, A. M., MacNeill, A. L., & Bain, P. J. (2017). Small Animal Cytologic Diagnosis (1st ed.). CRC Press. London.
  • Bartges, J. W., Finco, D. R., Polzin, D. J., Osborne, C. A., Barsanti, J. A., & Brown, S. A. (1996). Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 26(2), 255–264.
  • Bartges, J. W. (2016). Feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis: Risk factors and rational treatment approaches. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16660442
  • Chew, D. J., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2013). Pandora syndrome: It’s more than just the bladder. American Association of Feline Practitioners Conference, Dallas, Texas, September, 26(29), 75-83.
  • Chew, D. J., & Schenck, P. A. (2023). Urinalysis in the dog and cat. In Urinary System Disorders (pp. 125-161). Wiley-Blackwell. New Jersey.
  • Çolak, Z. N., & Pekmezci, D. (2020). Felin idiyopatik sistitis tedavisinde güncel yaklaşımlar. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 5(1), 66-73.
  • Dorsch, R., Remer, C., Sauter-Louis, C., & Hartmann, K. (2014). Feline lower urinary tract disease in a German cat population. A retrospective analysis of demographic data, causes and clinical signs. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere, 42(4), 231–239.
  • Dowling, P. M. (2023). Controlling urine pH in animals. MSD Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-urinary-system/controlling-urine-ph-in-animals?query=urine%20pH. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2024.
  • Fielder, S. E. (2024). Reference guides. Merck & Co., Inc. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/special-subjects/reference-guides. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2024.
  • Fischer, J., Lane, I., & Stokes, J. (2009). Acute postrenal azotemia: Etiology, clinicopathology, and pathophysiology. Compendium (Yardley, PA), 31(11), 520–530.
  • Gerber, B., Boretti, F., Kley, S., Laluha, P., Muller, C., Sieber, N., Unterer, S., Wenger, M., Fluckiger, M., Glaus, T., & Reusch, C. (2005). Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in European cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 46(12), 571–577.
  • Gunn-Moore, D. (2003). Feline lower urinary tract disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 5(2), 133-138.
  • Hostutler, R. A., Chew, D. J., & DiBartola, S. P. (2005). Recent concepts in feline lower urinary tract disease. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 35(1), 147–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.08.006
  • Houston, D. M., & Moore, A. E. (2009). Canine and feline urolithiasis: Examination of over 50,000 urolith submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre from 1998 to 2008. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50(12), 1263–1268.
  • Hunter, T., & Ward, E. (2024). Cystitis and lower urinary tract disease in cats. VCA Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cystitis-and-lower-urinary-tract-disease-in-cats. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2024.
  • Jagger, T. (2002). Laboratory techniques—Urinalysis. Leeds Veterinary Laboratories, 1–9.
  • Johann, L. (2006). The urinary tract. In P. Mannion (Ed.), Diagnostic Ultrasound in Small Animal Practice (7th ed., pp. 109–114). Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford.
  • Johnston, G. R., Walter, P. A., & Feeney, D. A. (1995). Diagnostic imaging of the urinary tract. In C. A. Osborne & D. R. Finco (Eds.), Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology (pp. 230–236). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
  • Kamiloğlu, A., & Kılıçoğlu, D. (2017). Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, ultrasonographic diagnosis and surgical treatment of feline lower urinary tract urolithiasis: Study carried out on ten cats. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veterinary Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 14–21.
  • Kaul, E., Hartmann, K., Reese, S., & Dorsch, R. (2020). Recurrence rate and long-term course of cats with feline lower urinary tract disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(6), 544–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19862887
  • Kealy, J. K., McAllister, H., & Graham, J. P. (2011). Diagnostic radiology and ultrasonography of the dog and cat (5th ed.). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Kopecny, L., Palm, C. A., Segev, G., Larsen, J. A., & Westropp, J. L. (2021). Urolithiasis in cats: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2005-2018). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(3), 1397–1405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16121
  • Kyles, A. E., Hardie, E. M., Wooden, B. G., Adin, C. A., Stone, E. A., Gregory, C. R., Mathews, K. G., Cowgill, L. D., Vaden, S., Nyland, T. G., & Ling, G. V. (2005). Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226(6), 932–936. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.932
  • Langston, C., Gisselman, K., Palma, D., & McCue, J. (2008). Diagnosis of urolithiasis. Compendium (Yardley, PA), 30(8), 447–455.
  • Lew-Kojrys, S., Mikulska-Skupien, E., Snarska, A., Krystkiewicz, W., & Pomianowski, A. (2017). Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats. Veterinarni Medicina, 62(7), 386-393. https://doi.org/10.17221/170/2016-VETMED.
  • Litster, A., Thompson, M., & Moss, S. (2011). Feline bacterial urinary tract infections: An update on an evolving clinical problem. Veterinary Journal, 187(1), 18-22.
  • Lulich, J. P., Osborne, C. A., Bartges, J. W., & Lekcharoensuk, C. (2000). Canine lower urinary tract disorders. In S. J. Ettinger & E. C. Feldman (Eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (5th ed., pp. 1747–1781). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Nururrozi, A., Yanuartono, Y., Sivananthan, P., & Indarjulianto, S. (2020). Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia. Veterinary World, 13(6), 1182–1186. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1182-1186
  • Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., Bartges, J. W., Kruger, J. M., Ulrich, L. K., & Koehler, L. A. (2009). Analysis of 451,981 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 39(1), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.011
  • Osborne, C. A., Kruger, J. M., Lulich, J. P., & Polzin, D. J. (2000). Feline lower urinary tract diseases. In S. J. Ettinger & E. C. Feldman (Eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (5th ed., pp. 1710–1747). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Park, R. D. (1994). Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (5th ed.). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Penninck, D., & d’Anjou, M. A. (2015). Atlas of small animal ultrasonography (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford.
  • Picavet, P., Detilleux, J., Verschuren, S., Sparkes, A., Lulich, J., Osborne, C. A., Istasse, L., & Diez, M. (2007). Analysis of 4,495 canine and feline uroliths in the Benelux. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 91(3), 247–251.
  • Piyarungsri, K., Tangtrongsup, S., Thitaram, N., Lekklar, P., & Kittinuntasilp, A. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56968-w
  • Rinkardt, N. E., & Houston, D. M. (2004). Dissolution of infection-induced struvite bladder stones by using a noncalculolytic diet and antibiotic therapy. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45(10), 838–840.
  • Roudebush, P., Forrester, S. D., & Padgelek, T. (2010). What is the evidence? Therapeutic foods to treat struvite uroliths in cats instead of surgery. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 236(8), 965–966.
  • Schaer, M., Gaschen, F., & Walton, S. (2022). Clinical Medicine of the Dog and Cat (4th ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003254591
  • Segev, G., Livne, H., Ranen, E., & Lavy, E. (2011). Urethral obstruction in cats: Predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.10.006
  • Sancak, İ. G., Özgencil, F. E., & Sancak, A. (2009). Fakülte kliniklerine gelen (2002-2003) kedi ve köpeklerde urolitiazis olgularının klinik değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 56(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002169
  • Syme, H. M. (2012). Stones in cats and dogs: What can be learnt from them? Arab Journal of Urology, 10(3), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2012.06.006
  • Tion, M. T., Dvorska, J., & Saganuwan, S. A. (2015). A review on urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 18(1), 1–18.
  • Tiruneh, D., & Abdisa, T. (2017). Review on canine urolithiasis. American Research Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1(1), 1-7.
  • Yadav, S. N., Ahmed, N., Nath, A. J., Mahanta, D., & Kalita, M. K. (2020). Urinalysis in dog and cat: A review. Veterinary World, 13(10), 2133–2141. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2133-2141

Kedilerin Alt Üriner Sistem Hastalığına Diyagnostik Yaklaşım

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 61 - 70, 31.12.2024

Perihan Eke , Bilge Kaan Ünal , Uğur Aydoğdu , Ersoy Baydar

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1570012

Abstract

Bu çalışmada kedilerin alt üriner sistem hastalığı (FLUTD) şikâyeti ile Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları Kliniğine getirilen kedilerin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal muayeneler, idrar analizleri ve radyografik ve ultrasonografik değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Çalışma materyalini FLUTD bulguları ile getirilen farklı ırk, yaş ve cinsiyette toplam 22 kedi oluşturdu. Kediler obstrüksiyon olup olmamasına göre iki gruba ayrıldı. Tekir ve Scottish Fold kedi ırklarında hem obstrüktif FLUTD hem de non-obstrüktif FLUTD vakalarının sık görüldüğü, obstrüktif vakalarda en fazla strüvit kristalürinin gözlendiği ve obstrüktif FLUTD’un erkek kedilerde dişi kedilere oranla daha sık oluştuğu saptandı. Non-obstrüktif FLUTD’lu kedilerin hematolojik analizlerinde yalnızca MCHC değeri obstrüktif FLUTD’lu kedilere göre önemli (p<0.05) düzeyde yüksek olarak belirlendi. Obstrüktif FLUTD’lu kedilerde kan RBC değeri sağlıklı kedilerin referans aralığına göre yüksek olarak tespit edildi. Serum BUN, TP ve globulin seviyeleri hem obstrüktif hem de non-obstrüktif FLUTD’lu kedilerde sağlıklı kedilerin referans değerlerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Obstrüktif FLUTD'lu kedilerde ise serum P ve kreatin seviyeleri sağlıklı kedilerin referans değerlerine göre yüksek olup, kreatin seviyeleri non-obstrüktif FLUTD'lu kedilere kıyasla anlamlı derecede (p<0.05) yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak; kedilerin obstrüktif ve non-obstrüktif FLUTD tanısında, hematolojik ve biyokimyasal kan analizlerinin yanı sıra idrarın fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikroskobik analizleri ile radyolojik ve ultrasonografik muayenelerin birlikte değerlendirilmesinin önemli olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

Keywords

Biyokimya Hematoloji İdrar Kedi Ürolitiyazis

Ethical Statement

Rutin muayeneye gelen hayvanlardan alınan örnekler olduğu için etik beyana gerek duyulmamaktadır.

References

  • Adin, C. A., Herrgesell, E. J., Nyland, T. G., Hughes, J. M., Gregory, C. R., Kyles, A. E., Cowgill, L. D., & Ling, G. V. (2003). Antegrade pyelography for suspected ureteral obstruction in cats: 11 cases (1995–2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 222(11), 1576–1581.
  • Albasan, H., Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., & Sancak, A. (2013). Urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Turkish Clinical Journal of Veterinary Science, 4(1), 39-52.
  • Albasan, H., Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., Ulrich, L. K., & Koehler, L. A. (2012). Effects of storage in formalin on composition of canine and feline uroliths. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241(12), 1613–1616. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.241.12.1613
  • Barger, A. M., MacNeill, A. L., & Bain, P. J. (2017). Small Animal Cytologic Diagnosis (1st ed.). CRC Press. London.
  • Bartges, J. W., Finco, D. R., Polzin, D. J., Osborne, C. A., Barsanti, J. A., & Brown, S. A. (1996). Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 26(2), 255–264.
  • Bartges, J. W. (2016). Feline calcium oxalate urolithiasis: Risk factors and rational treatment approaches. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18(9), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X16660442
  • Chew, D. J., & Buffington, C. A. T. (2013). Pandora syndrome: It’s more than just the bladder. American Association of Feline Practitioners Conference, Dallas, Texas, September, 26(29), 75-83.
  • Chew, D. J., & Schenck, P. A. (2023). Urinalysis in the dog and cat. In Urinary System Disorders (pp. 125-161). Wiley-Blackwell. New Jersey.
  • Çolak, Z. N., & Pekmezci, D. (2020). Felin idiyopatik sistitis tedavisinde güncel yaklaşımlar. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 5(1), 66-73.
  • Dorsch, R., Remer, C., Sauter-Louis, C., & Hartmann, K. (2014). Feline lower urinary tract disease in a German cat population. A retrospective analysis of demographic data, causes and clinical signs. Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere, 42(4), 231–239.
  • Dowling, P. M. (2023). Controlling urine pH in animals. MSD Veterinary Manual. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-urinary-system/controlling-urine-ph-in-animals?query=urine%20pH. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2024.
  • Fielder, S. E. (2024). Reference guides. Merck & Co., Inc. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/special-subjects/reference-guides. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2024.
  • Fischer, J., Lane, I., & Stokes, J. (2009). Acute postrenal azotemia: Etiology, clinicopathology, and pathophysiology. Compendium (Yardley, PA), 31(11), 520–530.
  • Gerber, B., Boretti, F., Kley, S., Laluha, P., Muller, C., Sieber, N., Unterer, S., Wenger, M., Fluckiger, M., Glaus, T., & Reusch, C. (2005). Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in European cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 46(12), 571–577.
  • Gunn-Moore, D. (2003). Feline lower urinary tract disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 5(2), 133-138.
  • Hostutler, R. A., Chew, D. J., & DiBartola, S. P. (2005). Recent concepts in feline lower urinary tract disease. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 35(1), 147–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.08.006
  • Houston, D. M., & Moore, A. E. (2009). Canine and feline urolithiasis: Examination of over 50,000 urolith submissions to the Canadian veterinary urolith centre from 1998 to 2008. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 50(12), 1263–1268.
  • Hunter, T., & Ward, E. (2024). Cystitis and lower urinary tract disease in cats. VCA Hospitals. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/cystitis-and-lower-urinary-tract-disease-in-cats. Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2024.
  • Jagger, T. (2002). Laboratory techniques—Urinalysis. Leeds Veterinary Laboratories, 1–9.
  • Johann, L. (2006). The urinary tract. In P. Mannion (Ed.), Diagnostic Ultrasound in Small Animal Practice (7th ed., pp. 109–114). Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford.
  • Johnston, G. R., Walter, P. A., & Feeney, D. A. (1995). Diagnostic imaging of the urinary tract. In C. A. Osborne & D. R. Finco (Eds.), Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology (pp. 230–236). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia.
  • Kamiloğlu, A., & Kılıçoğlu, D. (2017). Clinical, laboratory, radiographic, ultrasonographic diagnosis and surgical treatment of feline lower urinary tract urolithiasis: Study carried out on ten cats. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veterinary Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 14–21.
  • Kaul, E., Hartmann, K., Reese, S., & Dorsch, R. (2020). Recurrence rate and long-term course of cats with feline lower urinary tract disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(6), 544–556. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19862887
  • Kealy, J. K., McAllister, H., & Graham, J. P. (2011). Diagnostic radiology and ultrasonography of the dog and cat (5th ed.). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Kopecny, L., Palm, C. A., Segev, G., Larsen, J. A., & Westropp, J. L. (2021). Urolithiasis in cats: Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and risk factors (2005-2018). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35(3), 1397–1405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16121
  • Kyles, A. E., Hardie, E. M., Wooden, B. G., Adin, C. A., Stone, E. A., Gregory, C. R., Mathews, K. G., Cowgill, L. D., Vaden, S., Nyland, T. G., & Ling, G. V. (2005). Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226(6), 932–936. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2005.226.932
  • Langston, C., Gisselman, K., Palma, D., & McCue, J. (2008). Diagnosis of urolithiasis. Compendium (Yardley, PA), 30(8), 447–455.
  • Lew-Kojrys, S., Mikulska-Skupien, E., Snarska, A., Krystkiewicz, W., & Pomianowski, A. (2017). Evaluation of clinical signs and causes of lower urinary tract disease in Polish cats. Veterinarni Medicina, 62(7), 386-393. https://doi.org/10.17221/170/2016-VETMED.
  • Litster, A., Thompson, M., & Moss, S. (2011). Feline bacterial urinary tract infections: An update on an evolving clinical problem. Veterinary Journal, 187(1), 18-22.
  • Lulich, J. P., Osborne, C. A., Bartges, J. W., & Lekcharoensuk, C. (2000). Canine lower urinary tract disorders. In S. J. Ettinger & E. C. Feldman (Eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (5th ed., pp. 1747–1781). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Nururrozi, A., Yanuartono, Y., Sivananthan, P., & Indarjulianto, S. (2020). Evaluation of lower urinary tract disease in the Yogyakarta cat population, Indonesia. Veterinary World, 13(6), 1182–1186. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1182-1186
  • Osborne, C. A., Lulich, J. P., Bartges, J. W., Kruger, J. M., Ulrich, L. K., & Koehler, L. A. (2009). Analysis of 451,981 canine uroliths, feline uroliths, and feline urethral plugs from 1981 to 2007: Perspectives from the Minnesota Urolith Center. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 39(1), 183-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.09.011
  • Osborne, C. A., Kruger, J. M., Lulich, J. P., & Polzin, D. J. (2000). Feline lower urinary tract diseases. In S. J. Ettinger & E. C. Feldman (Eds.), Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (5th ed., pp. 1710–1747). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Park, R. D. (1994). Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology (5th ed.). Saunders Ltd. Philadelphia.
  • Penninck, D., & d’Anjou, M. A. (2015). Atlas of small animal ultrasonography (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford.
  • Picavet, P., Detilleux, J., Verschuren, S., Sparkes, A., Lulich, J., Osborne, C. A., Istasse, L., & Diez, M. (2007). Analysis of 4,495 canine and feline uroliths in the Benelux. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 91(3), 247–251.
  • Piyarungsri, K., Tangtrongsup, S., Thitaram, N., Lekklar, P., & Kittinuntasilp, A. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of feline lower urinary tract disease in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 196. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56968-w
  • Rinkardt, N. E., & Houston, D. M. (2004). Dissolution of infection-induced struvite bladder stones by using a noncalculolytic diet and antibiotic therapy. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 45(10), 838–840.
  • Roudebush, P., Forrester, S. D., & Padgelek, T. (2010). What is the evidence? Therapeutic foods to treat struvite uroliths in cats instead of surgery. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 236(8), 965–966.
  • Schaer, M., Gaschen, F., & Walton, S. (2022). Clinical Medicine of the Dog and Cat (4th ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003254591
  • Segev, G., Livne, H., Ranen, E., & Lavy, E. (2011). Urethral obstruction in cats: Predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2010.10.006
  • Sancak, İ. G., Özgencil, F. E., & Sancak, A. (2009). Fakülte kliniklerine gelen (2002-2003) kedi ve köpeklerde urolitiazis olgularının klinik değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 56(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002169
  • Syme, H. M. (2012). Stones in cats and dogs: What can be learnt from them? Arab Journal of Urology, 10(3), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2012.06.006
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There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Diagnosis and Diagnostics, Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Perihan Eke 0000-0002-0998-5446

Bilge Kaan Ünal 0000-0002-7755-9190

Uğur Aydoğdu 0000-0002-9828-9863

Ersoy Baydar 0000-0002-2565-1796

Early Pub Date December 28, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date October 18, 2024
Acceptance Date December 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Eke, P., Ünal, B. K., Aydoğdu, U., Baydar, E. (2024). Kedilerin Alt Üriner Sistem Hastalığına Diyagnostik Yaklaşım. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 6(2), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1570012
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