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SİTOKİNLER VE KANATLILARDA SİTOKİNLERİN AŞI ADJUVANTI OLARAK KULLANIMI

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 21 - 32, 07.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.897776

Abstract

Kanatlı hayvanlarda hastalıkların önlenmesi ve sağaltımı aşıların ve antibiyotiklerin kullanılması ile sağlanır. Antibiyotiklerin uzun yıllar boyunca kullanılması antibiyotiğe dirençli bakterilerin ortaya çıkması ile ilgili sorunları beraberinde getirmiştir. Hastalıkların önlenmesinde kullanılan aşılardaki adjuvantlar, sağlık üzerinde yan etkilere sahip olabilir ve immun yanıtı yetersiz bir şekilde uyarabilir. Bu nedenle kanatlı endüstrisinde yeni aşı stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi oldukça önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Sitokinler, yangı reaksiyonlarında hayati rol oynayan hücreler tarafından salgılanan immun sistem hücrelerinin aktivasyonu ve düzenlenmesini sağlayan peptitlerdir. Kanatlı immunolojisi ve genetik alanındaki gelişmeler, özellikle tavukta çeşitli sitokinlerin keşfedilmesine ve bu sitokinlerin işlevsel özelliklerinin ve mekanizmalarının anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Kanatlı hayvanlarda enfeksiyöz ajanlara karşı kullanılan aşılarda sitokinlerin potansiyel bir aşı adjuvantı olarak kullanılması yönünde birçok çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu derlemede kanatlı sitokinlerinin çeşitleri, fonksiyonel özellikleri ve sitokinlerin aşı adjuvantı olarak kullanımı hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlandı.

References

  • Asif, M., Jenkins, K.A., Hilton, L.S., Kimpton, W.G., Bean, A.G., Lowenthal, J.W. (2004). Cytokines as adjuvants for avian vaccines. Immunology and Cell Biology, 82(6), 638–643.
  • Chen, W.T., Chang, H.K., Lin, C.C., Yang, S.M., Yin, H.S. (2017). Chicken interleukin-1β mutants are effective single-dose vaccine adjuvants that enhance mucosal immune response. Molecular Immunology, (87), 308-316.
  • Cohen, S., Bigazzi, P., Yoshida, T. (1974). Similarities of thymus-derived lymphocyte function in cell-mediated immunity and antibody production. Cellular Immunology, (12), 150-159.
  • Cui, D., Zhang, J., Zuo, Y., Huo, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., Zhong, F. (2018). Recombinant chicken interleukin-7 as a potent adjuvant increases the immunogenicity and protection of inactivated infectious bursal disease vaccine. Veterinary Research, 49(1), 10.
  • Darnell, J.J. (1997). STATs and gene regulation. Science (New York, N.Y.) (277 (5332)), 1630–1635.
  • De Boever, S., Croubels, S., Demeyere, K., Lambrecht, B., De Backer, P., Meyer, E. (2010). Flow cytometric differentiation of avian leukocytes and analysis of their intracellular cytokine expression. Avian Pathology, (39), 41-46.
  • Degen, W.G., van Zuilekom, H.I., Scholtes, N.C., van Daal, N., Schijns, V.E. (2005). Potentiation of humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens by recombinant chicken IL-18 (rChIL-18). Vaccine, (23), 4212-4218.
  • Djeraba, A., Musset, E., Lowenthal, J.W., Boyle, D.B., Chausse, A.M., Peloille, M., Quere, P. (2002). Protective Effect of Avian Myelomonocytic Growth Factor in Infection with Marek's Disease Virus. Journal of Virology, 1062-1070.
  • Downing, T., Lloyd, A., O'farrelly, C., Bradley, D.G. (2010). The Differential Evolutionary Dynamics of Avian Cytokine and TLR Gene Classes. The Journal of Immunology, (184), 6993-7000.
  • Gan, L., Tian, Y., Zhao, Y., Shan, X.Q., Zhou, W., Xia, B.B., Chen, J., Wang, M.L., Zhao, J. (2019). Enhancing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated avian influenza H9N2vaccine with recombinant chicken IFN-α in chicken. Veterinary Microbiology, (234), 77-82.
  • Hilton, L., Bean, A., Lowenthal, J. (2002). The emerging role of cytokines as immunotherapeutic and adjuvants in vaccine. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 85 (3-4), 119-128.
  • Hung, L.H., Li, H.P., Lien, Y.Y., Wu, M.L., Chaung, H.C. (2010). Adjuvant effects of chicken interleukin-18 in avian Newcastle disease vaccine. Vaccine, (28), 1148-1155.
  • Huo, S., Zuo, Y., Li, N., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Liu, H., Zhang, J., Cui, D., He, P., Xu, J., Li, Y., Zhu, X., Zhong, F. (2016). Chicken IL-7 as a potent adjuvant enhances IBDV VP2 DNA vaccine immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Veterinary Microbiology, (193), 145-155.
  • Inagaki-Ohara, K., Hanada, T., Yoshimura, A. (2003). Negative regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammatory diseases. Current opinion in Pharmacology, 3(4), 435–442.
  • Kaiser, P., Staheli, P. (2014). Avian Cytokines and Chemokines. K. A. Schat, B. Kaspars, & P. Kaiser (Dü) içinde, Avian Immunology (second ed b., s.). USA: Elsevier Ltd. s:189-204.
  • Kalaiyarasu, S., Kumar, D., Kumar, M., Sankar, P., Elamurugan, A., Karikalan, M. (2013). Cytokines as potent therapeutic agent and vaccine adjuvant in poultry. Research News for U (RNFU) (10), 2250-3668.
  • Karaca, K., Sharma, J., Winslow, B., Junker, D., Reddy, S., Cochran, M., McMillen, J. (1998). Recombinant fowlpox viruses coexpressing chicken type I IFN and Newcastle disease virus HN and F genes: influence of IFN on protective efficacy and humoral responses of chickens following in ovo or post-hatch administration of recombinant viruses. Vaccine, (16), 1496-1503.
  • Kogut M.H. (2000). Cytokines and prevention of infectious diseases in poultry: a review. Avian Pathology: Journal of the W.V.P.A, 29(5), 395–404.
  • Kumar, S., Koul, M., Rai, A. (2010). Role of Immunostimulatory Molecules in Poultry Vaccines. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 4(3), 235-241(7).
  • Leutz, A., Beug, H., Graf, T. (1984). Purification and characterization of cMGF, a novel chicken myelomonocytic growth factor. The EMBO Journal, pp.3191 - 3197.
  • Leutz, A., Damm, K., Sterneck, E., Kowenz, E., Ness, S., Frank, R., Gausepohl, H., Pan, Y.C., Smart, J., Hayman, M., Graf, T. (1989). Molecular cloning of the chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) reveals relationship to interleukin 6 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. The EMBO Journal, 8(1), 175-181.
  • Li, K., Gao, H., Gao, L., Qi, X., Gao, Y., Qin, L., Wang, Y., Wang, X. (2013). Adjuvant effects of interleukin-18 in DNA vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Vaccine, (31), 1799-1805.
  • Lillehoj, H.S., Ding, X., Dalloul, R.A., Sato, T., Yasuda, A., Lillehoj, E.P. (2005). Embryo vaccination against Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina infections using recombinant proteins and cytokine adjuvants. The Journal of Parasitology, 91(3), 666-673.
  • Lim, K.L., Jazayeri, S.D., Yeap, S.K., Alitheen, N.M., Bejo, M.H., Ideris, A., Omar, A.R. (2012). Co-administration of avian influenza virus H5 plasmid DNA with chicken IL-15 and IL-18 enhanced chickens immune responses. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, 132.
  • Lowenthal, J., O'neil, T.E., Broadway, M., Strom, A., Digby, M.R., Andrew, M., York, J.J. (1998). Coadministration of IFN-y Enhances Antibody Responses in Chickens. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, (8), 617-622.
  • Marcus, P.I., van der Heide, L., Sekellick, M. (1999). Interferon Action on Avian Viruses. I. Oral Administration of Chicken Interferon-alpha Ameliorates Newcastle Disease. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 19(8), 881-885.
  • Meng, S., Yang, L., Xu, C., Qin, Z., Xu, H., Wang, Y., Sun, L., Liu, W. (2011). Recombinant chicken interferon-α inhibits H9N2 avian influenza virus replication in vivo by oral administration. Journal of Interferon Cytokine Research, 31, 533-538.
  • Min, W., Lillehoj, H.S., Burnside, J., Weining, K.C., Staeheli, P., Zhu, J.J. (2002). Adjuvant effects of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-α, IFN-γ TGF-β4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. Vaccine, 20, 267-274.
  • Rautenschlein, S., Sharma, J.M., Winslow, B.J., McMillen, J., Junker, D., Cochran, M. (2000). Embryo vaccination of turkeys against Newcastle disease infection with recombinant fowlpox virus constructs containing interferons as adjuvants. Vaccine, (18), 426-433.
  • Redmond, S., Chuammitri, P., Andreasen, C., Palic, D., Lamont, S. (2009). Chicken heterophils from commercially selected and non-selected genetic lines express cytokines differently after in vitro exposure to Salmonella enteritidis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, (132), 129-134.
  • Schijns, V., Weining, K.C., Nuijen, P., Rijke, E.O., Staeheli, P. (2000). Immunoadjuvant activities of E. coli- and plasmid-expressed recombinant chicken IFN-a/b, IFN-g and IL-1b in 1-day- and 3-week-old chickens. Vaccine, 18, 2147-2154.
  • Shi, X.M., Zhao, Y., Gao, H.B., Jing, Z., Wang, M., Cui, H.Y., Tong, G.Z., Wang, Y.F. (2011). Evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene and chicken interferon-gene for immune protection against heterologous strains. Vaccine, (29), 1576-1582.
  • Su, B., Shen, P., Hung, L., Huang, J., Yin, H., Lee, L. (2011). Potentiation of cell-mediated immune responses against recombinant HN protein of Newcastle disease virus by recombinant chicken IL-18. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 141, 283-292.
  • Takehara, K., Kobayashi, K., Ruttanapumma, R., Kamikawa, M., Nagata, T., Yokomizo, Y., Nakamura, M. (2003). Adjuvant Effect of Chicken Interferon-gamma for Inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis Antigen. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 65(12), 1337-1341.
  • Tizard, I.R. (2004). Cytokines and the Immune System. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (7th ed b). W.B. Saunders Co. s. 133-143.
  • Tizard, I. R. (2012). Innate Immunity: Proinflammatory and Antimicrobial Mediators. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (9th ed b). Saunders. s. 21-28
  • Tizard, I.R. (2012a). Helper T Cells and Their Response to Antigen. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (9th ed. b). Saunders. s. 137-149.
  • Tizard, I.R. (2012b). Regulation of Adaptive Immunity. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (9th ed. b.). Saunders. s. 209-224.
  • Umar, S., Arif, M., Shah, M., Munir, M., Yaqoob, M., Ahmed, S., Khan, M.I., Younus, M., Shahzad, M. (2015). Application of avian cytokines as immuno-modulating agents. World's Poultry Science Journal, 71, 643-654.
  • Wigley, P., Kaiser, P. (2003). Avian cytokines in health and disease. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 5(1), 1-14. Yao, Q., Fischer, K.P., Arnesen, K., Tyrrell, DL., Gutfreund, K.S. (2014). Molecular cloning, expression and characterisation of Pekin duck interferon-λ. Gene, 548, 29-38.
  • Yin, J., Jin, H., Yang, F., Ding, Z., Huang, C., Zhu, Q., Wang, B. (2007). Synergistic Effects of Adjuvants Interferon-gamma and Levamisole on DNA Vaccination against Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. Viral Immunology, 20, 288-299.
  • York, J.J. (1996). In vivo effects of chicken myelomonocytic growth factor: delivery via a viral vector. The Journal of Immunology, 156(8), 2991-2997.

CYTOKINES AND THE USE OF CYTOKINES AS VACCINE ADJUVANT IN POULTRY

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 21 - 32, 07.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.897776

Abstract

Prevention and treatment of diseases in poultry is provided by the use of vaccines and antibiotics. The use of antibiotics for many years has brought problems with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Adjuvants in vaccine used in the prevention of diseases may have adverse health effects and may inadequately stimulate the immune response. Therefore, the development of new vaccine strategies has become a crucial issue in the poultry industry. Cytokines are peptides that enable the activation and regulation of immune system cells secreted by cells that play a vital role in inflammation reactions. Avian immunology and genetic components have led to the discovery of various cytokines, especially in chicken and to understand the functional properties and mechanisms of these cytokines. Many studies have been conducted on the use of cytokines as a potential vaccine adjuvant in vaccines used against infectious agents in poultry. In this review, we aimed to give information about the types and functional properties of avian cytokines and the use of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants.

References

  • Asif, M., Jenkins, K.A., Hilton, L.S., Kimpton, W.G., Bean, A.G., Lowenthal, J.W. (2004). Cytokines as adjuvants for avian vaccines. Immunology and Cell Biology, 82(6), 638–643.
  • Chen, W.T., Chang, H.K., Lin, C.C., Yang, S.M., Yin, H.S. (2017). Chicken interleukin-1β mutants are effective single-dose vaccine adjuvants that enhance mucosal immune response. Molecular Immunology, (87), 308-316.
  • Cohen, S., Bigazzi, P., Yoshida, T. (1974). Similarities of thymus-derived lymphocyte function in cell-mediated immunity and antibody production. Cellular Immunology, (12), 150-159.
  • Cui, D., Zhang, J., Zuo, Y., Huo, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., Zhong, F. (2018). Recombinant chicken interleukin-7 as a potent adjuvant increases the immunogenicity and protection of inactivated infectious bursal disease vaccine. Veterinary Research, 49(1), 10.
  • Darnell, J.J. (1997). STATs and gene regulation. Science (New York, N.Y.) (277 (5332)), 1630–1635.
  • De Boever, S., Croubels, S., Demeyere, K., Lambrecht, B., De Backer, P., Meyer, E. (2010). Flow cytometric differentiation of avian leukocytes and analysis of their intracellular cytokine expression. Avian Pathology, (39), 41-46.
  • Degen, W.G., van Zuilekom, H.I., Scholtes, N.C., van Daal, N., Schijns, V.E. (2005). Potentiation of humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens by recombinant chicken IL-18 (rChIL-18). Vaccine, (23), 4212-4218.
  • Djeraba, A., Musset, E., Lowenthal, J.W., Boyle, D.B., Chausse, A.M., Peloille, M., Quere, P. (2002). Protective Effect of Avian Myelomonocytic Growth Factor in Infection with Marek's Disease Virus. Journal of Virology, 1062-1070.
  • Downing, T., Lloyd, A., O'farrelly, C., Bradley, D.G. (2010). The Differential Evolutionary Dynamics of Avian Cytokine and TLR Gene Classes. The Journal of Immunology, (184), 6993-7000.
  • Gan, L., Tian, Y., Zhao, Y., Shan, X.Q., Zhou, W., Xia, B.B., Chen, J., Wang, M.L., Zhao, J. (2019). Enhancing immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated avian influenza H9N2vaccine with recombinant chicken IFN-α in chicken. Veterinary Microbiology, (234), 77-82.
  • Hilton, L., Bean, A., Lowenthal, J. (2002). The emerging role of cytokines as immunotherapeutic and adjuvants in vaccine. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 85 (3-4), 119-128.
  • Hung, L.H., Li, H.P., Lien, Y.Y., Wu, M.L., Chaung, H.C. (2010). Adjuvant effects of chicken interleukin-18 in avian Newcastle disease vaccine. Vaccine, (28), 1148-1155.
  • Huo, S., Zuo, Y., Li, N., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Liu, H., Zhang, J., Cui, D., He, P., Xu, J., Li, Y., Zhu, X., Zhong, F. (2016). Chicken IL-7 as a potent adjuvant enhances IBDV VP2 DNA vaccine immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Veterinary Microbiology, (193), 145-155.
  • Inagaki-Ohara, K., Hanada, T., Yoshimura, A. (2003). Negative regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammatory diseases. Current opinion in Pharmacology, 3(4), 435–442.
  • Kaiser, P., Staheli, P. (2014). Avian Cytokines and Chemokines. K. A. Schat, B. Kaspars, & P. Kaiser (Dü) içinde, Avian Immunology (second ed b., s.). USA: Elsevier Ltd. s:189-204.
  • Kalaiyarasu, S., Kumar, D., Kumar, M., Sankar, P., Elamurugan, A., Karikalan, M. (2013). Cytokines as potent therapeutic agent and vaccine adjuvant in poultry. Research News for U (RNFU) (10), 2250-3668.
  • Karaca, K., Sharma, J., Winslow, B., Junker, D., Reddy, S., Cochran, M., McMillen, J. (1998). Recombinant fowlpox viruses coexpressing chicken type I IFN and Newcastle disease virus HN and F genes: influence of IFN on protective efficacy and humoral responses of chickens following in ovo or post-hatch administration of recombinant viruses. Vaccine, (16), 1496-1503.
  • Kogut M.H. (2000). Cytokines and prevention of infectious diseases in poultry: a review. Avian Pathology: Journal of the W.V.P.A, 29(5), 395–404.
  • Kumar, S., Koul, M., Rai, A. (2010). Role of Immunostimulatory Molecules in Poultry Vaccines. Recent Patents on Biotechnology, 4(3), 235-241(7).
  • Leutz, A., Beug, H., Graf, T. (1984). Purification and characterization of cMGF, a novel chicken myelomonocytic growth factor. The EMBO Journal, pp.3191 - 3197.
  • Leutz, A., Damm, K., Sterneck, E., Kowenz, E., Ness, S., Frank, R., Gausepohl, H., Pan, Y.C., Smart, J., Hayman, M., Graf, T. (1989). Molecular cloning of the chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) reveals relationship to interleukin 6 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. The EMBO Journal, 8(1), 175-181.
  • Li, K., Gao, H., Gao, L., Qi, X., Gao, Y., Qin, L., Wang, Y., Wang, X. (2013). Adjuvant effects of interleukin-18 in DNA vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Vaccine, (31), 1799-1805.
  • Lillehoj, H.S., Ding, X., Dalloul, R.A., Sato, T., Yasuda, A., Lillehoj, E.P. (2005). Embryo vaccination against Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina infections using recombinant proteins and cytokine adjuvants. The Journal of Parasitology, 91(3), 666-673.
  • Lim, K.L., Jazayeri, S.D., Yeap, S.K., Alitheen, N.M., Bejo, M.H., Ideris, A., Omar, A.R. (2012). Co-administration of avian influenza virus H5 plasmid DNA with chicken IL-15 and IL-18 enhanced chickens immune responses. BMC Veterinary Research, 8, 132.
  • Lowenthal, J., O'neil, T.E., Broadway, M., Strom, A., Digby, M.R., Andrew, M., York, J.J. (1998). Coadministration of IFN-y Enhances Antibody Responses in Chickens. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, (8), 617-622.
  • Marcus, P.I., van der Heide, L., Sekellick, M. (1999). Interferon Action on Avian Viruses. I. Oral Administration of Chicken Interferon-alpha Ameliorates Newcastle Disease. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 19(8), 881-885.
  • Meng, S., Yang, L., Xu, C., Qin, Z., Xu, H., Wang, Y., Sun, L., Liu, W. (2011). Recombinant chicken interferon-α inhibits H9N2 avian influenza virus replication in vivo by oral administration. Journal of Interferon Cytokine Research, 31, 533-538.
  • Min, W., Lillehoj, H.S., Burnside, J., Weining, K.C., Staeheli, P., Zhu, J.J. (2002). Adjuvant effects of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-15, IFN-α, IFN-γ TGF-β4 and lymphotactin on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina. Vaccine, 20, 267-274.
  • Rautenschlein, S., Sharma, J.M., Winslow, B.J., McMillen, J., Junker, D., Cochran, M. (2000). Embryo vaccination of turkeys against Newcastle disease infection with recombinant fowlpox virus constructs containing interferons as adjuvants. Vaccine, (18), 426-433.
  • Redmond, S., Chuammitri, P., Andreasen, C., Palic, D., Lamont, S. (2009). Chicken heterophils from commercially selected and non-selected genetic lines express cytokines differently after in vitro exposure to Salmonella enteritidis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, (132), 129-134.
  • Schijns, V., Weining, K.C., Nuijen, P., Rijke, E.O., Staeheli, P. (2000). Immunoadjuvant activities of E. coli- and plasmid-expressed recombinant chicken IFN-a/b, IFN-g and IL-1b in 1-day- and 3-week-old chickens. Vaccine, 18, 2147-2154.
  • Shi, X.M., Zhao, Y., Gao, H.B., Jing, Z., Wang, M., Cui, H.Y., Tong, G.Z., Wang, Y.F. (2011). Evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene and chicken interferon-gene for immune protection against heterologous strains. Vaccine, (29), 1576-1582.
  • Su, B., Shen, P., Hung, L., Huang, J., Yin, H., Lee, L. (2011). Potentiation of cell-mediated immune responses against recombinant HN protein of Newcastle disease virus by recombinant chicken IL-18. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 141, 283-292.
  • Takehara, K., Kobayashi, K., Ruttanapumma, R., Kamikawa, M., Nagata, T., Yokomizo, Y., Nakamura, M. (2003). Adjuvant Effect of Chicken Interferon-gamma for Inactivated Salmonella Enteritidis Antigen. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 65(12), 1337-1341.
  • Tizard, I.R. (2004). Cytokines and the Immune System. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (7th ed b). W.B. Saunders Co. s. 133-143.
  • Tizard, I. R. (2012). Innate Immunity: Proinflammatory and Antimicrobial Mediators. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (9th ed b). Saunders. s. 21-28
  • Tizard, I.R. (2012a). Helper T Cells and Their Response to Antigen. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (9th ed. b). Saunders. s. 137-149.
  • Tizard, I.R. (2012b). Regulation of Adaptive Immunity. I. R. Tizard içinde, Veterinary Immunology (9th ed. b.). Saunders. s. 209-224.
  • Umar, S., Arif, M., Shah, M., Munir, M., Yaqoob, M., Ahmed, S., Khan, M.I., Younus, M., Shahzad, M. (2015). Application of avian cytokines as immuno-modulating agents. World's Poultry Science Journal, 71, 643-654.
  • Wigley, P., Kaiser, P. (2003). Avian cytokines in health and disease. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 5(1), 1-14. Yao, Q., Fischer, K.P., Arnesen, K., Tyrrell, DL., Gutfreund, K.S. (2014). Molecular cloning, expression and characterisation of Pekin duck interferon-λ. Gene, 548, 29-38.
  • Yin, J., Jin, H., Yang, F., Ding, Z., Huang, C., Zhu, Q., Wang, B. (2007). Synergistic Effects of Adjuvants Interferon-gamma and Levamisole on DNA Vaccination against Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus. Viral Immunology, 20, 288-299.
  • York, J.J. (1996). In vivo effects of chicken myelomonocytic growth factor: delivery via a viral vector. The Journal of Immunology, 156(8), 2991-2997.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Aziz Utku Önel 0000-0003-4596-7461

Murat Yıldırım 0000-0002-9576-2280

Publication Date May 7, 2021
Acceptance Date April 23, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Önel, A. U., & Yıldırım, M. (2021). SİTOKİNLER VE KANATLILARDA SİTOKİNLERİN AŞI ADJUVANTI OLARAK KULLANIMI. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 12(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.897776