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Kısraklarda Embriyo Migrasyonu

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 23 - 30, 30.06.2024

Büşra Özmen , İbrahim Doğan

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1485776

Abstract

At embriyosu ile uterus arasında birbiriyle ilişkili bir dizi karmaşık biyolojik mekanizma mevcuttur. Kısraklarda fertilizasyon oviduktun ampulla ile istmus bölümleri arasında meydana gelir ve ovulasyondan 5-6 gün sonra embriyo ovidukt kanalını geçerek uterusa gelir. Embriyo tarafından salgılanan prostaglandin E2 ve prostaglandin F2α uterotubuler kavşaktan embriyonun geçişine izin verir. Embiyonik vezikül uterus lümeninde 9-14. günler arasında mobildir ve 15-17. günler arasında korpus ile herhangi bir kornu uteri arasındaki fleksür bölgesinin kaudalinde sabitlenir ve hemen sonra oryantasyon şekillenir. At embriyosunun uterus lümeninde migrasyonu ve fiksasyon süreçlerinin daha fazla aydınlatılması, gebe kısraklarda kaotik bir sorun olan ikiz embriyo olgularında ve intrauterin cihaz uygulamaları gibi üremenin denetlenmesi konularında hekimlere operasyonel bir çözüm sunar.

Keywords

Kısrak, embriyo migrasyon, östrusun baskılanması, embriyo redüksiyonu

Ethical Statement

Etik Beyan Gerekmiyor

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen Kurum Yok

Thanks

Yok

References

  • Allen (Twink), W. R., & Wilsher, S. (2020). Historical aspects of equine embryo transfer. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 89, 102987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102987
  • Antczak, D. F., & Allen (Twink), W. R. (2021). Placentation in equids. Içinde Rodney D. Geisert & Thomas Spencer (Eds.), Placentation in Mammals (ss. 91-128). Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri. Aurich, C. (2011). Reproductive cycles of horses. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3-4), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.005
  • Betteridge, K. J. (2000). Comparative aspects of equine embryonic development. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 691-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00075-0
  • Bonafos, L. D., Carnevale, E. M., Smith, C. A., & Ginther, O. J. (1994). Development of uterine tone in nonbred and pregnant mares. Theriogenology, 42(8), 1247-1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(94)90244-D
  • Budik, S., Walter, I., Leitner, M.-C., Ertl, R., & Aurich, C. (2021). Expression of enzymes associated with prostaglandin synthesis in equine conceptuses. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041180
  • Carnevale, E. M., & Ginther, O. J. (1992). Relationships of age to uterine function and reproductive efficiency in mares. Theriogenology, 37(5), 1101-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90108-4
  • Castro, T., Jacob, J. C., Domingues, R. R., & Ginther, O. J. (2022). Local embryo-mediated changes in endometrial gene expression during embryo mobility in mares. Theriogenology, 182, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.032
  • Cochet, M., Vaiman, D., & Lefèvre, F. (2009). Novel interferon delta genes in mammals: cloning of one gene from the sheep, two genes expressed by the horse conceptus and discovery of related sequences in several taxa by genomic database screening. Gene, 433(1-2), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.026
  • Crabtree, J. R. (2018). Management of twins in horses. In Practice, 40(2), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.k181
  • Derar, D.R., & Ali, A. (2016). Conceptual Orientation: A unique phenomenon of the equine pregnancy. Anatomy & Physiology, 06(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.1000200
  • Eser, A., Ak, K., & Mersin, S. (2023). Kısraklarda reprodüktif siklus. Içinde M. K. Soylu, K. Ak, E. Akçay, A. Baran, M. Evecen, & M. B. Tırpan (Eds.),Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Androloji ve YardımcıÜreme Teknikleri (ss. 575-577). Ankara Nobel TıpKitabevleri.
  • Ferreira, J. C., Linhares Boakari, Y., Sousa Rocha, N., Saules Ignácio, F., Barbosa da Costa, G., & de Meira, C. (2019). Luteal vascularity and embryo dynamics inmares during early gestation: Effect of age and endometrial degeneration. Reproduction in Domestic Animal, 54(3), 571-579.https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13396
  • Gastal, M. O., Gastal, E. L., Torres, C. A. A., & Ginther, O. J. (1998). Effect of PGE2 on uterine contractility and tone in mares. Theriogenology, 50(7), 989-999.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00202-7
  • Geisert, R. D., Whyte, J. J., Meyer, A. E., Mathew, D. J., Juárez, M. R., Lucy, M. C., Prather, R. S., & Spencer, T. E. (2017). Rapid conceptus elongation in the pig: Aninterleukin 1 beta 2 and estrogen-regulated phenomenon. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 84(9), 760-774.https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22813
  • Ginther, O. J. (1983). Effect of reproductive status on twinning and on side of ovulation and embryo attachment in mares. Theriogenology, 20(4), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(83)90199-1
  • Ginther, O. J. (1984). Mobility of twin embryonic vesicles in mares. Theriogenology, 22(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(84)90476-x
  • Ginther, O. J. (1998). Equine pregnancy: Physical interactions between the uterus and conceptus. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 44, 73- 104.
  • Ginther, O. J. (2021a). Equine embryo mobility. A friend of theriogenologists. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 106, 103747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103747
  • Ginther, O. J. (2021b). Equine embryo mobility. A game changer. Theriogenology, 174, 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.006
  • Ginther, O. J. (2022). The dynamic equine embryo from postfixation (Day 17) to the end of the embryo stage (Day 40). Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 108, 103808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103808
  • Gradil, C., Joone, C., Haire, T., Fowler, B., Zinchuk, J., Davies, C. J., & Ball, B. (2021). An intrauterine device with potential to control fertility in feral equids. Animal Reproduction Science, 231, 106795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106795
  • Grant, D. M., Macedo, A., Toms, D., & Klein, C. (2020). Fibrinogen in equine pregnancy as a mediator of cell adhesion, an epigenetic and functional investigation. Biology of Reproduction, 102(1), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz157
  • Griffin, P. G., Carnevale, E. M., & Ginther, O. J. (1993). Effects of the embryo on uterine morphology and function in mares. Animal Reproduction Science, 31(3-4), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378- 4320(93)90015-J
  • Griffin, P. G., & Ginther, O. J. (1991). Uterine morphology and function in postpartum mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 11(6), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81262-1
  • Hinrichs, K. (1991). The relationship of follicle atresia to follicle size, oocyte recovery rate on aspiration, and oocyte morphology in the mare. Theriogenology, 36(2), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90375-n
  • Hunter, H. F. (1991). Fertilization in the pig and horse. Içinde Dunbar B.S. & O’Rand M.G. (Eds.), A Comparative Overview of Mammalian Fertilization (ss. 329-346). Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
  • Jones, C. J. P., Aplin, J. D., Allen, W. R. T., & Wilsher, S. (2020). The influences of cycle stage and pregnancy upon cell glycosylation in the endometrium of the mare. Theriogenology, 154, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.007
  • Katila, T. (2011). Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine, 27(3), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20110309
  • Lebedeva, FL. F., & Solodova, E. V. (2021). Technological approaches to the problem of double ovulation and twin pregnancies in mares. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
  • Leith, G. S., & Ginther, O. J. (1984). Characterization of intrauterine mobility of the early equine conceptus. Theriogenology, 22(4), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(84)90460-6
  • McKinnon, A. O., Squires, E. L., & Pickett, B. W. (1988). Equine Reproductive Ultrasonography. Içinde Animal Reproduction Laboratory Bulletin No.04 (ss. 11-20). Colorado State University.
  • Meira, C., Ferreira, J. C., Silva, E. S. M., & Ignácio, F. S. (2012). Developmental aspects of early pregnancy in mares. Animal Reproduction, 9(3), 166-172.
  • Nieto-Olmedo, P., Martín-Cano, F. E., Gaitskell-Phillips, G., Ortiz-Rodríguez, J. M., Peña, F. J., & Ortega￾Ferrusola, C. (2020). Power Doppler can detect the presence of 7–8 day conceptuses prior to flushing in an equine embryo transfer program. Theriogenology, 145, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.015
  • Okada, C. T. C., Kaps, M., Reichart, U., Walter, I., Gautier, C., Aurich, J., & Aurich, C. (2022). Low plasma progesterone concentration during the early luteal phase delays endometrial development and the beginning of placentation in mares. Animal Reproduction Science, 247, 107149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107149
  • Okada, C. T. C., Kaps, M., Scarlet, D., Handschuh, S., Gautier, C., Melchert, M., Aurich, J., & Aurich, C. (2020). Low plasma progestin concentration during the early postovulatory phase impairs equine conceptus development in the late preimplantation phase. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 32, 1156-1167.
  • Özdaş, Ö. B. (2023). Atlarda embriyo transferi. Içinde M. K. Soylu, K. Ak, E. Akçay, A. Baran, M. Evecen, & M. B. Tırpan (Eds.), Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Androloji ve Yardımcı Üreme Teknikleri (ss. 596-599). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Palmer, E., Duchamp, G., Bezard, J., Magistrini, M., King, W. A., Bousquet, D., & Betteridge, K. J. (1987). Non-surgical recovery of follicular fluid and oocytes ofmares. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 35, 689- 690. Pierson, R. A., & Ginther, O. J. (1985). Ultrasonic evaluation of the preovulatory follicle in the mare. Theriogenology, 24(3), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(85)90228-6
  • Piotrowska-Tomala, K. K., Jonczyk, A. W., Szóstek￾Mioduchowska, A., Hojo, T., Żebrowska, E., Katila, T., Ferreira-Dias, G., & Skarzynski, D. J. (2024). Intrauterine devices influence prostaglandin secretion by equine uterus: in vitro and in vivo studies. BMC Veterinary Research, 20(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-03889-0
  • Schnobrich, M. R., Riddle, W. T., Stromberg, A. J., & LeBlanc, M. M. (2013). Factors affecting live foal rates of Thoroughbred mares that undergo manual twin elimination. Equine Veterinary Journal, 45(6), 676- 680. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12074
  • Sielhorst, J., Baade, S., Neudeck, K., Tönissen, A., Rohn, K., Hollinshead, F., & Sieme, H. (2024). Success rates and factors influencing pregnancy outcome after 464 transvaginal ultrasound‐guided twin reductions in the mare. Equine Veterinary Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14071
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  • Varışlı, Ö. (2023). Kısraklarda reprodüktif anatomi. Içinde M. K. Soylu, K. Ak, E. Akçay, A. Baran, M. Evecen, & M. B. Tırpan (Eds.), Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Androloji ve Yardımcı Üreme Teknikleri (ss. 570-572). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
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  • Wilsher, S., Rigali, F., Kovacsy, S., & Allen, W. T. (2020). Puncture of the equine embryonic capsule and its repair in vivo and in vitro. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 93, 103194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103194

Embryo Migration in Mares

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 23 - 30, 30.06.2024

Büşra Özmen , İbrahim Doğan

https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1485776

Abstract

A number of complex interrelated biological mechanisms exist between the equine embryo and the uterus. In mares, fertilization occurs between the ampulla and isthmus sections of the oviduct, and 5-6 days after ovulation, the embryo crosses the oviduct and comes to the uterus. Prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α secreted by the embryo allow the passage of the embryo through the uterotubular junction. The embryonic vesicle is mobile in the uterine lumen from days 9 to 14, and from days 15 to 17 it is fixed in the caudal of the flexure zone between the corpus and any uterine horn, and immediately after which orientation is formed. It provides an operational solution to physicians in the migration of the horse embryo in the uterine lumen and further elucidation of the fixation processes, in cases of twin embryos, which is a chaotic problem in pregnant mares, and in the supervision of reproduction such as intrauterine device applications.

Keywords

Mare, embryo migration, suppression of estrus, embryo reduction

References

  • Allen (Twink), W. R., & Wilsher, S. (2020). Historical aspects of equine embryo transfer. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 89, 102987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102987
  • Antczak, D. F., & Allen (Twink), W. R. (2021). Placentation in equids. Içinde Rodney D. Geisert & Thomas Spencer (Eds.), Placentation in Mammals (ss. 91-128). Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri. Aurich, C. (2011). Reproductive cycles of horses. Animal Reproduction Science, 124(3-4), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.02.005
  • Betteridge, K. J. (2000). Comparative aspects of equine embryonic development. Animal Reproduction Science, 60-61, 691-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00075-0
  • Bonafos, L. D., Carnevale, E. M., Smith, C. A., & Ginther, O. J. (1994). Development of uterine tone in nonbred and pregnant mares. Theriogenology, 42(8), 1247-1255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(94)90244-D
  • Budik, S., Walter, I., Leitner, M.-C., Ertl, R., & Aurich, C. (2021). Expression of enzymes associated with prostaglandin synthesis in equine conceptuses. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041180
  • Carnevale, E. M., & Ginther, O. J. (1992). Relationships of age to uterine function and reproductive efficiency in mares. Theriogenology, 37(5), 1101-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(92)90108-4
  • Castro, T., Jacob, J. C., Domingues, R. R., & Ginther, O. J. (2022). Local embryo-mediated changes in endometrial gene expression during embryo mobility in mares. Theriogenology, 182, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.032
  • Cochet, M., Vaiman, D., & Lefèvre, F. (2009). Novel interferon delta genes in mammals: cloning of one gene from the sheep, two genes expressed by the horse conceptus and discovery of related sequences in several taxa by genomic database screening. Gene, 433(1-2), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.026
  • Crabtree, J. R. (2018). Management of twins in horses. In Practice, 40(2), 66-74. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.k181
  • Derar, D.R., & Ali, A. (2016). Conceptual Orientation: A unique phenomenon of the equine pregnancy. Anatomy & Physiology, 06(02). https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0940.1000200
  • Eser, A., Ak, K., & Mersin, S. (2023). Kısraklarda reprodüktif siklus. Içinde M. K. Soylu, K. Ak, E. Akçay, A. Baran, M. Evecen, & M. B. Tırpan (Eds.),Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Androloji ve YardımcıÜreme Teknikleri (ss. 575-577). Ankara Nobel TıpKitabevleri.
  • Ferreira, J. C., Linhares Boakari, Y., Sousa Rocha, N., Saules Ignácio, F., Barbosa da Costa, G., & de Meira, C. (2019). Luteal vascularity and embryo dynamics inmares during early gestation: Effect of age and endometrial degeneration. Reproduction in Domestic Animal, 54(3), 571-579.https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13396
  • Gastal, M. O., Gastal, E. L., Torres, C. A. A., & Ginther, O. J. (1998). Effect of PGE2 on uterine contractility and tone in mares. Theriogenology, 50(7), 989-999.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00202-7
  • Geisert, R. D., Whyte, J. J., Meyer, A. E., Mathew, D. J., Juárez, M. R., Lucy, M. C., Prather, R. S., & Spencer, T. E. (2017). Rapid conceptus elongation in the pig: Aninterleukin 1 beta 2 and estrogen-regulated phenomenon. Molecular Reproduction and Development, 84(9), 760-774.https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22813
  • Ginther, O. J. (1983). Effect of reproductive status on twinning and on side of ovulation and embryo attachment in mares. Theriogenology, 20(4), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(83)90199-1
  • Ginther, O. J. (1984). Mobility of twin embryonic vesicles in mares. Theriogenology, 22(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(84)90476-x
  • Ginther, O. J. (1998). Equine pregnancy: Physical interactions between the uterus and conceptus. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 44, 73- 104.
  • Ginther, O. J. (2021a). Equine embryo mobility. A friend of theriogenologists. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 106, 103747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103747
  • Ginther, O. J. (2021b). Equine embryo mobility. A game changer. Theriogenology, 174, 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.006
  • Ginther, O. J. (2022). The dynamic equine embryo from postfixation (Day 17) to the end of the embryo stage (Day 40). Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 108, 103808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103808
  • Gradil, C., Joone, C., Haire, T., Fowler, B., Zinchuk, J., Davies, C. J., & Ball, B. (2021). An intrauterine device with potential to control fertility in feral equids. Animal Reproduction Science, 231, 106795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106795
  • Grant, D. M., Macedo, A., Toms, D., & Klein, C. (2020). Fibrinogen in equine pregnancy as a mediator of cell adhesion, an epigenetic and functional investigation. Biology of Reproduction, 102(1), 170-184. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz157
  • Griffin, P. G., Carnevale, E. M., & Ginther, O. J. (1993). Effects of the embryo on uterine morphology and function in mares. Animal Reproduction Science, 31(3-4), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378- 4320(93)90015-J
  • Griffin, P. G., & Ginther, O. J. (1991). Uterine morphology and function in postpartum mares. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 11(6), 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0737-0806(06)81262-1
  • Hinrichs, K. (1991). The relationship of follicle atresia to follicle size, oocyte recovery rate on aspiration, and oocyte morphology in the mare. Theriogenology, 36(2), 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(91)90375-n
  • Hunter, H. F. (1991). Fertilization in the pig and horse. Içinde Dunbar B.S. & O’Rand M.G. (Eds.), A Comparative Overview of Mammalian Fertilization (ss. 329-346). Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
  • Jones, C. J. P., Aplin, J. D., Allen, W. R. T., & Wilsher, S. (2020). The influences of cycle stage and pregnancy upon cell glycosylation in the endometrium of the mare. Theriogenology, 154, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.007
  • Katila, T. (2011). Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the horse. Pferdeheilkunde Equine Medicine, 27(3), 261-264. https://doi.org/10.21836/PEM20110309
  • Lebedeva, FL. F., & Solodova, E. V. (2021). Technological approaches to the problem of double ovulation and twin pregnancies in mares. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
  • Leith, G. S., & Ginther, O. J. (1984). Characterization of intrauterine mobility of the early equine conceptus. Theriogenology, 22(4), 401-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(84)90460-6
  • McKinnon, A. O., Squires, E. L., & Pickett, B. W. (1988). Equine Reproductive Ultrasonography. Içinde Animal Reproduction Laboratory Bulletin No.04 (ss. 11-20). Colorado State University.
  • Meira, C., Ferreira, J. C., Silva, E. S. M., & Ignácio, F. S. (2012). Developmental aspects of early pregnancy in mares. Animal Reproduction, 9(3), 166-172.
  • Nieto-Olmedo, P., Martín-Cano, F. E., Gaitskell-Phillips, G., Ortiz-Rodríguez, J. M., Peña, F. J., & Ortega￾Ferrusola, C. (2020). Power Doppler can detect the presence of 7–8 day conceptuses prior to flushing in an equine embryo transfer program. Theriogenology, 145, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.015
  • Okada, C. T. C., Kaps, M., Reichart, U., Walter, I., Gautier, C., Aurich, J., & Aurich, C. (2022). Low plasma progesterone concentration during the early luteal phase delays endometrial development and the beginning of placentation in mares. Animal Reproduction Science, 247, 107149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107149
  • Okada, C. T. C., Kaps, M., Scarlet, D., Handschuh, S., Gautier, C., Melchert, M., Aurich, J., & Aurich, C. (2020). Low plasma progestin concentration during the early postovulatory phase impairs equine conceptus development in the late preimplantation phase. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 32, 1156-1167.
  • Özdaş, Ö. B. (2023). Atlarda embriyo transferi. Içinde M. K. Soylu, K. Ak, E. Akçay, A. Baran, M. Evecen, & M. B. Tırpan (Eds.), Hayvanlarda Reprodüksiyon, Androloji ve Yardımcı Üreme Teknikleri (ss. 596-599). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Palmer, E., Duchamp, G., Bezard, J., Magistrini, M., King, W. A., Bousquet, D., & Betteridge, K. J. (1987). Non-surgical recovery of follicular fluid and oocytes ofmares. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 35, 689- 690. Pierson, R. A., & Ginther, O. J. (1985). Ultrasonic evaluation of the preovulatory follicle in the mare. Theriogenology, 24(3), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(85)90228-6
  • Piotrowska-Tomala, K. K., Jonczyk, A. W., Szóstek￾Mioduchowska, A., Hojo, T., Żebrowska, E., Katila, T., Ferreira-Dias, G., & Skarzynski, D. J. (2024). Intrauterine devices influence prostaglandin secretion by equine uterus: in vitro and in vivo studies. BMC Veterinary Research, 20(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-03889-0
  • Schnobrich, M. R., Riddle, W. T., Stromberg, A. J., & LeBlanc, M. M. (2013). Factors affecting live foal rates of Thoroughbred mares that undergo manual twin elimination. Equine Veterinary Journal, 45(6), 676- 680. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12074
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Büşra Özmen 0009-0004-2970-7277

İbrahim Doğan 0000-0003-1976-1814

Early Pub Date June 30, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date May 17, 2024
Acceptance Date June 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özmen, B., & Doğan, İ. (2024). Kısraklarda Embriyo Migrasyonu. Turkish Veterinary Journal, 6(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.51755/turkvetj.1485776
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